
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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@string{\pmb = "Phys. Med. Biol."}
@string{\jap = "J. Appl. Phys."}
@string{\ijrobp = "Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."}
@string{\lary = "Laryngoscope"}
@string{\radio = "Radiology"}
@string{\jasa = "J. Amer. Stat. Assoc."}
@string{\jpb = "J. Phys. B"}
@string{\pra = "Phys. Rev. A"}
@string{\cse = "Comp. Sc. Eng."}
@string{\rs = "Radiosurgery"}
@string{\pm = "Physica Medica"}
@string{\md = "Med. Dosim"}
@string{\jco = "J. Clin. Oncol. "}
@string{\ch = "Chest"}
@string{\green = "Radiother. \& Oncol."}
@string{\nima = "Nucl. Inst. Meth. A"}
@string{\nimb = "Nucl. Inst. Meth. B"}
@string{\mp = "Med. Phys."}
@string{\BJR = "Brit. J. Radiol."}
@string{\jacmp = "J of App Clin Med Phys"}
@string{\pdf =  "/usr/local/share/bibliog/pdf_manuscripts"}
@string{\medphys = "Med. Phys."}
@string{\ari = "Applied Radiation and Isotopes"}
@string{\ieetmi = "IEEE Trans. Med. Imag."}


@article{WZ08,
  title={{Efficiency improvements for ion chamber calculations in high energy photon beams}},
  author={Wulff, J. and Zink, K. and Kawrakow, I.},
  journal={Medical Physics},
  volume={35},
  pages={1328},
  year={2008}
}

@book{AN90b,
   author    = {L. L.  Anderson ... [et al.]},
   title     = {{ Interstitial Brachytherapy: Physical, Biological, and
       Clinical Considerations}},
   year      = {1990},
   publisher = {Raven Press},
   address   = {New York},
   location  = {   }
}

@book{AS64,
   editor    = {M.  Abramowitz and I. A.  Stegun},
   title     = {{Handbook of mathematical functions with formulae, graphs and
       mathematical tables}},
   year      = {1964},
   publisher = {National Bureau of Standards},
   address   = {Washington, D.C.},
   number    = {55},
   series    = {Applied Mathematics},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   notes     = {Standard textbook of mathematical functions},
   location  = { }
}

@book{At86,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry}},
   year      = {1986},
   publisher = {Wiley},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = {Dave has 3 copies}
}

@book{BF86,
   author    = {E. Browne and R. B. Firestone},
   title     = {{ Table of Radioactive Isotopes, Ed V S Shirley}},
   year      = {1986},
   publisher = {(Wiley, New York)},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@book{Be69,
   author    = {P. R.  Bevington},
   title     = {{ Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences}},
   year      = {1969},
   publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
   address   = {New York},
   location  = {Copy floating in IRS}
}

@book{BoKr98,
   author    = {R. K. Bock and W. K. Krischer},
   title     = {{The data analysis briefbook}},
   year      = {1998},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
   address   = {Berlin},
   notes     = {contains formula for variance of weighted mean, online}
}

@book{Br99b,
   author    = {Siegmund Brandt},
   title     = {{Data Analysis}},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
   address   = {New York},
   notes     = {book and CD with library for data analysis}
}

@book{DIN80,
   author    = {DIN 6800},
   title     = {{Dosismessverfahren in der radiologischen Technik -
       Ionisationsdosimetrie}},
   year      = {1980},
   publisher = {Beuth Verlag GmbH},
   address   = {Berlin and Cologne},
   volume    = {Teil 2},
   keywords  = {protocol}
}

@book{ERICE89,
   editor    = {T. M.  Jenkins and W. R.  Nelson and A.  Rindi and
       A. E.  Nahum and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo transport of electrons and photons below 50 MeV}},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice book},
   notes     = {A source for the Monte Carlo technique.},
   location  = { }
}

@book{Ev55,
   author    = {R. D.  Evans},
   title     = {{ The Atomic Nucleus}},
   year      = {1955},
   publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
   address   = {New York},
   location  = {Dave owns a copy}
}

@book{Fa82,
   author    = {L. Fajardo},
   title     = {{ Pathology of Radiation Injury}},
   year      = {1982},
   publisher = {Masson},
   address   = {New York}
}

@book{Fe67,
   author    = {W. Feller},
   title     = {{An introduction to probability theory and its applications}},
   year      = {1967},
   publisher = {Wiley},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = {   }
}

@book{HaNa04,
  title = {{The Elementary Process of Bremsstrahlung}},
  publisher = {World Scientific},
  year = {2003},
  author = {Haug, E. and Nakel, W.},
  address = {Singapore}
}

@book{IAEA,
   author    = {IAEA},
   title     = {{Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and Electron Beams; An International Code of Practice}},
   year      = {1987},
   publisher = {IAEA},
   address   = {Vienna},
   volume    = {277},
   series    = {Technical Report Series},
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51}
}

@book{IAEA01,
   author    = {IAEA},
   title     = {{Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy:
       An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry
       Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water}},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {IAEA},
   address   = {Vienna},
   volume    = {398},
   series    = {Technical Report Series},
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51},
   location  = {\pdf/iaea_398.pdf},
   notes     = {The final copy was released in May 2001, despite the title
       page saying 2000. The authors are identified on page 226 as P. Andreo
       and D. T. Burns and K. Hohlfeld and M. Saiful Huq and T. Kanai
       and F. Laitano and V. G. Smyth and S. Vynckier.}
}

@book{IAEA97,
   author    = {IAEA},
   title     = {{The Use of Plane Parallel Ionization Chambers in High
       Energy Electron and Photon Beams: An International Code of Practice for
       Dosimetry}},
   year      = {1997},
   publisher = {IAEA},
   address   = {Vienna},
   volume    = {381},
   series    = {Technical Report Series},
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51}
}

@book{IAEA99,
   author    = {P. Andreo and D. T. Burns and K. Hohlfeld and M. Saiful Huq
       and T. Kanai and F. Laitano and V. G. Smyth and S. Vynckier},
   title     = {{Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy
       based on Absorbed-Dose-to-Water Standards: An International Code of
       Practice for Dosimetry}},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {IAEA},
   address   = {Vienna},
   volume    = {draft V.7},
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51}
}

@book{ISO93a,
   author    = {ISO},
   title     = {{International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms
       in Metrology (VIM)}},
   year      = {1993},
   publisher = {International Organisation for Standardization},
   address   = {Geneva, Switzerland},
   edition   = {2nd},
   location  = { }
}

@book{ISO93b,
   author    = {ISO},
   title     = {{Guide to the Expression of Uncertainties in Measurement}},
   year      = {1993},
   publisher = {International Organisation for Standardization},
   address   = {Geneva, Switzerland},
   location  = { }
}

@book{JC83,
   author    = {H. E.  Johns and J. R.  Cunningham},
   title     = {{ The Physics of Radiology, Fourth Edition}},
   year      = {1983},
   publisher = {Charles C. Thomas},
   address   = {Springfield, Illinois},
   keywords  = {textbook TG61},
   location  = { }
}

@book{Ja97b,
    author = {B. Jahne},
    title  = {{Digital image processing}},
    year   = {1997},
    publisher = {Springer},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Je89,
   editor    = {T. M.  Jenkins and W. R.  Nelson and A.  Rindi and A. E.
       Nahum and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons}},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice},
   notes     = {Bible of Monte Carlo methods},
   location  = { }
}

@book{KK66,
   author    = {J. F. Kenney and E. S. Keeping},
   title     = {{Mathematics of Statistics}},
   year      = {1966},
   publisher = {D. Van Nostrand},
   address   = {Princeton, New Jersey},
   notes     = {very good book on statistics}
}

@book{KW86,
   author    = {M. H.  Kalos and P. A.  Whitlock},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo methods}},
   year      = {1986},
   publisher = {Wiley},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {defines efficiency page 91-92},
   location  = {Carleton library, QA 298 K35 v.1}
}

@book{Kh03,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan},
   title     = {{ The Physics of Radiation Therapy}},
   year      = {2003},
   publisher = {Lipincott Williams and Wilkins},
   edition = {3rd},
   address   = {Baltimore, Maryland},
   keywords  = {physics, Third edition},
   location  = {Dave has a book}
}

@book{Kh84,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan},
   title     = {{ The Physics of Radiation Therapy}},
   year      = {1984},
   publisher = {Williams and Wilkins},
   address   = {Baltimore, Maryland},
   keywords  = {physics},
   location  = {Dave has 2 copies}
}

@book{Kh94,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan},
   title     = {{ The Physics of Radiation Therapy}},
   year      = {1993},
   edition   = {2nd},
   publisher = {Williams and Wilkins},
   address   = {Baltimore, Maryland},
   keywords  = {physics, Second edition},
   location  = {Dave has a book}
}

@book{LK91,
   author    = {I.  Lux and L.  Koblinger},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo particle transport methods: neutron and photon calculations}},
   year      = {1991},
   publisher = {CRC Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {defines efficiency page 65},
   location  = {Carleton library, QC 793.5 N4628 L88}
}

@book{LM84,
   author    = {E. E. Lewis and W. F. Miller},
   title     = {{ Computational Methods of Neutron Transport}},
   year      = {1984},
   publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {DOM  discrete ordinates method}
}

@book{LS78,
   author    = {C. M. Lederer and V. S. Shirley (eds.)},
   title     = {Table of Isotopes, 7th ed.},
   year      = {1978},
   publisher = {(Wiley, New York)},
   keywords  = {binding energies},
   location  = { }
}

@book{La84,
   editor    = {F. Lagoutine and N. Coursol and J. Legrand},
   title     = {{ Table of Radionucleides}},
   year      = {1984},
   publisher = {Commisariat a l'Energie Atomique, Bureau National de
       Metrologie Gif-sur-Yvette},
   address   = {France},
   keywords  = {Ir-192 spectrum},
   notes     = {used by Rossiter et al for Nk estimation},
   location  = { }
}

@book{Ly86,
   author    = {L. Lyons},
   title     = {{Statistics for nuclear and particle physicists}},
   year      = {1986},
   publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
   notes     = {variance of weighted values page 13}
}

@book{MS99a,
   editor    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and
       radiobiology: Proceedings of a workshop}},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, USA},
   keywords  = {IRSc99},
   notes     = {AAPM Symposium Proceedings No. 11},
   location  = { }
}

@book{Me97,
   author    = {P. Metcalfe and T. Kron and P. Hoban},
   title     = {{ The Physics of Radiotherapy; X-Rays from Linear
       Accelerators}},
   year      = {1997},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing},
   address   = {Madison, WI},
   keywords  = {EGS4c},
   notes     = {Chapter 7 is on Monte Carlo techniques, with emphasis on
       EGS4/BEAM},
   location  = {Dave has a copy}
}

@book{Mo88b,
   author    = {R. L.  Morin},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Simulation in the Radiological Sciences}},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {CRC Press, Inc.},
   address   = {Boca Raton, Florida},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo review},
   location  = {Dave's shelf}
}

@book{RC66,
   author    = {P. Rubin and G. Casarett},
   title     = {{ Clinical Radiation Pathology}},
   year      = {1966},
   publisher = {Saunders},
   address   = {Philadelphia}
}

@book{Ru81,
  title={{Simulation and the Monte Carlo method}},
  author={Rubinstein, R.Y.},
  year={1981},
  publisher={John Wiley and Sons}
}

@book{Ru08,
  title={{Simulation and the Monte Carlo method}},
  author={R. Y. Rubinstein and D. P. Kroese},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Wiley-Interscience}
}

@book{St97,
  title={{Theory and Practice of Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy}},
  author={E. S. Sternick},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Advanced Medical Pub.},
  address   = {Madison WI},
}

@book{So94,
  title={{A primer for the Monte Carlo method}},
  author={ I. M. Sobol},
  year={1994},
  publisher={CRC Press LLC}
}

@book{WA57,
  title={{Design of Free-air Ionization Chambers}},
  author={H. O. Wyckoff and F. H. Attix},
  year={1957},
  publisher={US Government Printing Office},
  address  = {National Bureau of Standards Handbook 64, Washington D.C.}
}

@book{We97b,
  title={{The Physics of Conformal Radiotherapy: Advances in Technology}},
  author={S. Webb},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
  address  = {Bristol: IOPP}
}

@book{We04,
  title={{Contemporary IMRT: Developing Physics and Clinical Implementation}},
  author={S. Webb},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis},
  address  = {Bristol: IOPP}
}

@book{Wo05,
  title = {{Mathematica Edition: Version 5.2}},
  publisher = {{Wolfram Research, Inc.}},
  year = {2005},
  author = {{Wolfram Research, Inc.}}
}

@book{ZS02,
   editor    = {H. Zaidi and G. Sgouros},
   title     = {{ Therapeutic Applications of Monte Carlo Calculations in
       Nuclear Medicine}},
   year      = {2002},
   publisher = {Institute of Physics},
   address   = {Bristol},
   location  = {Dave has comlementary copy from publisher}
}

@article{AA89,
   author    = {A.  Ahnesj\"{o} and P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Determination of effective bremsstrahlung spectra and electron contamination
                for photon dose calculations}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1451 -- 1464},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {TG--105, depth-dose, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder, TG-105 binder, \pdf/AA89.pdf}
}

@article{AAPM83,
   author    = {{AAPM TG--21}},
   title     = {{ A protocol for the determination of absorbed dose from
       high-energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {741 -- 771},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51 sprs},
   notes     = {TG 21 protocol, also published source of ICRU 37-based stopping-power ratios for electron beams in water, PMMA and polystyrene.},
   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder \pdf}
}

@article{AAPM84,
   author    = {{AAPM TG--21}},
   title     = {{ Erratum: A protocol for the determination of absorbed dose from high-energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {213},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51},
   notes     = {Erratum for TG 21 protocol, correcting figure 6 for electron-beam depth-ionization curves.},
   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder \pdf/AAPM84.pdf}
}

@article{AAPM94,
   author    = {G. J. Kutcher and L. Coia and M. Gillen and W. F.
       Hanson and S. Leibel and R. J. Morton and J. R. Palta and J. A. Purdy
       and L. E. Reinstein and G. K. Svensson and M. Weller and L. Wingfield},
   title     = {{ Comprehensive QA for radiation oncology: Report of AAPM
       Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 40}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {581 -- 618},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   location  = { }
}

@article{AB69,
   author    = {R. G.  {Alsmiller~Jr} and J.  Barish},
   title     = {{ High-energy ($<$18 GeV) muon transport calculations and comparison with experiment}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {121 --124},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 71,
   location  = { }
}

@article{AB74,
   author    = {R. G.  {Alsmiller~Jr} and J.  Barish},
   title     = {{ Energy deposition by 45 GeV photons in H, Be, Al, Cu, and Ta}},
   journal   = {Report ORNL-4933, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee},
   year      = {1974},
   location  = { }
}

@article{AB81,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Mean energy in electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {682 -- 687},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   location  = { }
}

@article{AB86,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Stopping-power data for high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {839 -- 858},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo  TG--51 beam quality},
   notes     = {Presents sprs calculated with ICRU37 as a function of
       TPR$^{20}_{10}$.},
   location  = {TG--51 sprs binder \pdf/AB86.pdf}
}

@article{AC82,
   author    = {P. D. Allen and M. A. Chaudhri},
   title     = {{Energy spectra of secondary neutrons produced by
       high-energy bremsstrahlung in carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and tissue}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {553 -- 563},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{AC82a,
   author    = {P. D. Allen and M. A. Chaudhri},
   title     = {{The dose contribution due to photonuclear reactions
       during radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {904 -- 906},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{AC88,
   author    = {P. D. Allen and M. A. Chaudhri},
   title     = {{ Photoneutron production in tissue during high energy
       bremsstrahlung radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1017 -- 1036},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{AF71,
   author    = {Aird and Farmer},
   title     = { {\typeout{**********use AF72 instead of AF71 *******************}}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   year      = {1972}
}

@article{AF72,
   author    = {E. G. A.  Aird and F. T. Farmer},
   title     = {{ The design of a thimble chamber for the Farmer dosemeter}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {169 -- 174},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {Farmer chamber},
   location  = {\pdf/AF72.pdf }
}

@article{AF89,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A.  Fransson},
   title     = {{ Stopping-power ratios and their uncertainties for clinical electron beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1847 -- 1861},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo EGS4j},
   location  = { }
}

@article{AF92,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A.  Fransson},
   title     = {{Estimation of uncertainties in stopping-power ratios
       using Monte Carlo methods}},
   journal   = {Appl. Radiat. Isotop.},
   pages     = {1425 -- 1426},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo EGS4j},
   location  = { }
}

@article{AH63,
   author    = {J. H.  Aitken and W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ A Portable Apparatus for Measuring Exposure in Roentgens from Strong Gamma-Ray Sources}},
   journal   = {Int. J.  of Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
   pages     = {511 -- 516},
   year      = {1963},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {IRS63},
   location  = { }
}

@article{AH64,
   author    = {J. H.  Aitken and W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Spectra of the Internally Scattered Radiation from large $^{60}$Co Sources  used in Teletherapy}},
   journal   = {Int'l. J. of Applied Radiation and Isotopes.},
   pages     = {713 -- 724},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {IRS64},
   location  = { }
}

@article{AIFB88,
   author    = {Associazione Italiana di Fisica Biomedica},
   title     = {{Protocollo per la dosimetria di base nella
       radioterapia con fasci di fotoni ed elettroni con Emax fra 1 e 40 MeV}},
   journal   = {Fisica Biomedica},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = {VI-N.2},
   keywords  = {protocol},
   location  = { }
}

@article{AJ97,
   author    = {K. M. Ayyangar and S. B. Jiang},
   title     = {{ An Investigation on the Feasibility of Using OMEGA
       Monte Carlo Codes for Radiosurgery Treatment Planning}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {88 -- 89},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp Monte Carlo linac simulation},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{AJ98,
   author    = {K. M.  Ayyangar and S. B.  Jiang},
   title     = {{Do we need Monte Carlo treatment planning for linac based
       radiosurgery? A case study}},
   journal   = {Med. Dosim.},
   pages     = {161 -- 168},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {treatment planning radiosurgery BEAM EGS4j OMEGAj},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {G4-9}
}

@article{AK02,
   author    = {F. Araki and H. D. Kubo},
   title     = {{ Comparison of high-energy photon and electron dosimetry
       for various dosimetry protocols}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {857 -- 868},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   notes     = {TG--51 IAEA-398 TG--21},
   location  = {Daves papers about TG--51 binder
       \pdf/AK02.pdf}
}

@article{AK89,
   author    = {K.  Aokiw and M.  Koyama},
   title     = {{ Measurement of diagnostic x-ray spectra using a silicon photodiode}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {529 -- 536},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {other, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{AM67,
   author    = {R. G.  {Alsmiller~Jr} and H. S.  Moran},
   title     = {{ Electron-photon cascade calculations and neutron yields from electrons in thick targets}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {109 -- 116},
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@article{AR92,
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@article{AS79,
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@article{AW88,
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@article{AW08,
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publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
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volume = {32},
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pages = {1548--1554},
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@article{Ad96,
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   keywords  = {EGS4j},
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@article{Ag03,
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@article{Ah00,
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@article{Ah86,
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@article{Ah87,
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@article{Ah89d,
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@article{Ai58,
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@article{Ai69,
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@article{Ai84,
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@article{Al08,
    author = {R. Alfonso and P. Andreo and R. Capote and M. Saiful Huq and W. Kilby and P. Kj{\"a}ll and T.R. Mackie and H. Palmans and K. Rosser and J. Seuntjens and W. Ullrich and S. Vatnitsky},
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@article{Al05,
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publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
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volume = {32},
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keywords = { xvmcv OMEGAj ik_misc },
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@article{Al67,
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@article{Al70,
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@article{Al74,
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@article{Al78,
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@article{Al81,
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@article{Al92,
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@article{Al94,
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       L. J.  Humphries and H.  Kubo and R.  Nath and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The calibration and use of plane-parallel ionization chambers
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@article{Al95,
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   title     = {{ Comparison of the standards of air kerma of the BEV and the
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@article{Al96,
   author    = {P. R. Almond},
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@article{Al96b,
   author    = {P. J. Allisy-Roberts and M. Boutillon and L. N. Rodrigues},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the standards of air kerma of the LNMRI and the
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@article{Al96c,
   author    = {P. J. Allisy-Roberts and M. Boutillon and P. Lamperti},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the standards of air kerma of the NIST and the
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@article{Al97,
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@article{Al98,
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@article{Al98a,
   author    = {P. J. Allisy-Roberts and M. Boutillon, J. F. Boas and R. B. Huntley},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the air kerma standards of the ARL and the
       BIPM for $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$ rays}},
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@article{Al99,
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   title     = {{Intercomparison of calibration procedures for $^{192}$Ir
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@article{Al99a,
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       and I.  Gutierrez and J. J. Sarmiento and E. Villar},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo estimation of absorbed dose to organs in
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   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 76,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Used EGS4 to calculate doses in a model of the head
       irradiated by various input spectra of diagnositic interest}
}

@article{Al99b,
   author    = {P. R. Almond and P. J. Biggs and B. M. Coursey and W. F.
       Hanson and M. S.  Huq and R. Nath and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ The AAPM's TG--51 Protocol for Clinical Reference Dosimetry of
       High-Energy Beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1058},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51 IRSa99},
   notes     = {Abstract for continuing education course given by Dave
       Rogers at the Nashville AAPM meeting.}
}

@article{Al99d,
   author    = {P. Alaei and B. J. Gerbi and R. A. Geise},
   title     = {{Generation and use of photon energy deposition kernels for
                diagnostic quality x rays }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1687 -- 1697},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   location  = {\pdf/Al99d.pdf}
}

@article{An00,
   author    = {P. Andreo},
   title     = {{On the beam quality specification of
       high-energy photons for radiotherapy dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {434 -- 440},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   location  = {\pdf/An00.pdf}
}

@article{An00a,
   author    = {P. Andreo},
   title     = {{A comparison between calculated and experimental k$_{Q}$
       photon beam quality correction factors}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {L25 -- L38},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   location  = {\pdf/An00a.pdf}
}

@article{An00b,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{Reply to ``Comment on `On the beam quality specification
       of high-energy photons for radiotherapy dosimetry' ''
       [Med. Phys. 27, 441-444 (2000)]}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1693 -- 1695},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   location  = {\pdf/An00b.pdf}
}

@article{An02,
   author    = {J. A. Antolak and M. S. Bieda and K. R. Hogstrom},
   title     = {{ Using Monte Carlo methods to commission electron beams: A
       feasibility study}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {771 -- 786},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder 2002, TG-105 binder, \pdf/An02.pdf}
}

@article{An02a,
   author    = {L E Antonuk},
   title     = {{ Electronic portal imaging devices: a review and historical
       perspective of contemporary technologies and research}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {R31 -- R65},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   location  = {\pdf/An02a.pdf, Phy5206}
}

@article{An64,
   author    = {H. O.  Anger},
   title     = {{ Scintillation Camera with Multichannel Collimators}},
   journal   = {J. Nucl. Med.},
   pages     = {515 -- 531},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {Anger camera},
   notes     = {Course},
   location  = {GXD}
}

@article{An73,
   author    = {H.  Anton},
   title     = {{ Elementary Linear Algebra}},
   journal   = {(Wiley, New York)},
   year      = {1973},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An84,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A.  Hernandez and E.  Millan and S.  Millan},
   title     = {{ Comments on the transfer of absorbed dose from plastic to water in electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {874 -- 876},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms},
   notes     = {Recommends a simpler procedure than TG 21 for using plastic phantoms in electron beams.},
   location  = {DRs plastic phantom binder}
}

@article{An86,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A. E.  Nahum and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Chamber-dependent wall correction factors in dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1189 -- 1199},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   location  = {\pdf/An86.pdf}
}

@article{An87,
   author    = {P.  Andreo A. E.  Nahum and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Recent developments in basic dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Radiother. Oncol.},
   pages     = {117 -- 126},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 10,
   location  = { }
}

@article{An88,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Consistency in Stopping-Power Ratios for Dosimetry}},
   journal   = {in ``Dosimetry in Radiotherapy'', (IAEA, Vienna) Vol 1},
   pages     = {3 -- 11},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {sprs},
   notes     = {General overview of role of sprs in dosimetry protocols.},
   location  = {TG--51 database binder}
}

@article{An89,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{  Current status and future trends of the dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = {in Proc VII Cong Nat. Fisica Medica, Oviedo Spain, ed J Vivanco (Oviedo, Spain)},
   pages     = {9 -- 43},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {review},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An89b,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and A.  Brahme and A. E.  Nahum and O.  Mattsson},
   title     = {{ Influence of energy and angular spread on stopping-power ratios for electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {751 -- 768},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo EGS4j},
   notes     = {Investigates effects on sprs of electron energy spectrum and angular disns by arbitrarily parameterizing these effects. cf Di93. Analyzes some experimental data.},
   location  = {TG--51 sprs binder   also Andreo binder}
}

@article{An89c,
   author    = {M. Yu. Andreyashkin and V. N.  Zabaev and B. N.  Kalinin and G. A.  Naumenko and A. P.  Potylitsyn and I. S.  Tropin and L. E.  Yalova},
   title     = {{ Measurement of bremsstrahlung spectra of relativistic electrons in single crystals by total-absorption detector}},
   journal   = {Pribory i Tekhnika Eksperimenta},
   pages     = {1293 -- 1298},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 6,
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{An90,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Depth-dose and stopping-power data for monoenergetic electron beams}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {107 -- 121},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 51,
   keywords  = {spr EGS4j},
   notes     = {Compares calculations from various Monte Carlo codes.},
   location  = {DR's Andro file}
}

@article{An90a,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Uncertainties in dosimetric data and beam calibration}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol.  Phys.},
   pages     = {1233 -- 1247},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 19,
   location  = { }
}

@article{An91,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo techniques in medical radiation physics}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {861 -- 920},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36 ,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder,  \pdf/An91.pdf}
}

@article{An91a,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and L.  Linborg and J.  Medin},
   title     = {{ On the calibration of plane-parallel ionisation chambers using $^{60}$Co beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {326 -- 327},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {letter TG--51 parallel plate},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An92,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Comments to ``Chamber replacement correction in absorbed dose calibrations,'' by J. E. Burns}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {211 -- 211},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   location  = { }
}

@article{An92a,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose beam quality factors for the dosimetry of high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {2189 -- 2211},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {spr kq},
   notes     = {Presents a complete set of k$_Q$ factors for commercial ion chambers based on his own, new sprs and his estimate of the P$_{\rm repl}$ correction.},
   location  = {TG--51 fundamentals binder}
}

@article{An92b,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and L.  Natal-Rodrigues and L.  Lindborg and T.
       Kraepelien},
   title     = {{ On the calibration of plane-parallel ionisation chambers for
       electron beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1147 -- 1165},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel plate TG--51 Pcel},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An92d,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {Karolinska Institutet Dept of Radiation Physics Internal Report RI 1991-03},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An93,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and J.  Medin and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Constraints on the multiple scattering theory of Moli\`{e}re in Monte Carlo simulations of the transport of charged particles}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1315 -- 1325},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {Moliere multiple scattering theory IRS93 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Quantifies breakdown of Moli\`{e}re multiple scattering theory for small step size and provides a table of ``exact'' solutions.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An93a,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ The status of high-energy photon and electron beam dosimetry five years after the implementation of the IAEA code of practice in the Nordic countries}},
   journal   = {Acta Oncologica},
   pages     = {483 -- 500},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 32,
   keywords  = {dosimetry review},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An94,
   author    = {P. Andreo},
   title     = {{ Improved calculations of stopping-power ratios and their
       correlation with the quality of therapeutic photon beams}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/62 in Proc. of Symp. on Meas. Assurance in
       Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {335 -- 359},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TRS-398},
   notes     = {The sprs used in TRS-398 (Sternheimer) are presented here},
   location  = { }
}

@article{An96,
   author    = {P.  Andreo and P. R.  Almond and O.  Mattsson and
       A. E.  Nahum and M. Roos},
   title     = {{The use of plane-parallel ionization chambers in
       high-energy electron and photon beams. An International Code of
       Practice for Dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Report by a Consultants Group to the IAEA (IAEA, Vienna)},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel plate TG--51 Pcel},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ar00,
   author    = {F. Araki and R. Ikeda and Y. Shirakawa and T. Shimonobou and
       N. Moribe and T. Takada and M. Takahashi and H. Oura and
       M. Matoba},
   title     = {{ Wall correction factors for calibration of plane-parallel
       ionization chambers with high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2509 -- 2517},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   notes     = {Pwall},
   location  = {binder on pp chambers}
}

@article{Ar00a,
   author    = {M. R. Arnfield and J. V. Siebers and J. O. Kim and Q. Wu
and P. J. Keall and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{ A method for determining multileaf collimator
transmission and scatter dynamic intensity modulated radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2231 -- 2241},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ar00a.pdf}
}

@article{Ar00b,
   author    = {M. R. Arnfield and C. H. Siantar and J. Siebers and P.
Garmon and L. Cox and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{ The impact of electron transport on the accuracy of
computed dose }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1266 -- 1274},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ar00b.pdf}
}

@article{Ar85,
   author    = {B. R.  Archer and P. R.  Almond and L. K.  Wagner},
   title     = {{ Application of a Laplace transform pair model for high energy x-ray spectral reconstruction}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {630 -- 633},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Ar88,
   author    = {B. R.  Archer and T. R.  Fewell and L. K.  Wagner},
   title     = {{ Laplace reconstruction of experimental diagnostic x-ray spectra}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {832 -- 837},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{As02,
    author = {J. Asenjo and J. M. Fernandez-Varea and A. Sanchez-Reyes},
    title = {{Characterization of a high-dose-rate $^{90}$Sr--$^{90}$Y source for intravascular brachytherapy by using the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2002,
    volume = 47,
    pages = {697--711},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI ik_misc }
}

@article{As80,
author = {L. W. Asp},
title = {On equivalent square fields},
year = {1980},
journal = \BJR,
volume = {53},
pages = {485 -- 487},
keywords = {TAR},
notes = {Shows that the 4A/P rule is accurate by comparing explicit
calculations of same with the BJR tabbulated values. Agreement is usually
better than 1\%, but not sure it proves the accuracy, only the similarity
in the approximations?},
location = {equiv. square binder}
}

@article{At79,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ The partition of kerma to account for bremsstrahlung}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {347 -- 354},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {absorbed dose  center of electron production   cep},
   location  = {DR's Attix file}
}

@article{At83,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{Energy imparted, energy transferred and net energy
       transferred}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1385 -- 1390},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {absorbed dose},
   location  = {\pdf/At83.pdf}
}

@article{At83a,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix and F.  Lopez and S.  Owolabi and B. R.  Paliwal},
   title     = {{ Electron contamination in $^{60}Co$ gamma-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {301 -- 306},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{At84,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Energy-Absorption coefficients for gamma-rays in
       compounds or mixtures}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {869 -- 871},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {mass energy absorption coefficients},
   notes     = {Seltzer 1993 shows that the technique proposed here
       doesn't work.},
   location  = {\pdf/At84.pdf}
}

@article{At84a,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{A simple derivation of N$_{\rm gas}$, a correction in A$_{\rm wall}$, and other comments on the AAPM Task Group 21 protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {725 -- 728},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   notes     = {Presents an arm waving derivation of TG 21 N$_{\rm gas}$, points out error in A$_{\rm wall}$ as used in TG 21 and draws attention to other sloppy items in TG 21.},
   location  = {TG--51 fundamentals binder}
}

@article{At84aa,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Presentation on nominal accelerating potential as a function of the ionization ratio in the AAPM dosimetry protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {565 -- 566},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   notes     = {Points out differences between tabulated and graphical presentations.},
   location  = {TG--51 beam quality specification}
}

@article{At93,
   author    = {F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{Application of a commercial solid-water plane-parallel
       ionization chamber to the AAPM TG--21 protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {735 -- 737},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   notes     = {Presents NRC's calculated Pwall and Kwall values for the
       Attix chamber},
   location  = {DR's binder on plans-parallel chambers}
}

@article{Au74,
   author    = {J. J.  Aubert and U.  Becker and P. J.  Biggs and J.  Burger and M.  Chen and G.  Everhart and P.  Goldhagen and J.  Leong and T.  McCorriston and T. G.  Rhoades and M.  Rohde and S. C. C.  Ting and S. L.  Wu and Y. Y Lee},
   title     = {{ Experimental observation of a heavy particle $J$}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
   pages     = {1404 -- 1406},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = 33,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Au74a,
   author    = {J. E.  Augustin {\em et al.}},
   title     = {{ Discovery of a narrow resonance in e$^+$e$^-$ annihilation}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
   pages     = {1406 -- 1408},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = 33,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Aw83,
   author    = {M. Awschalom and I. Rosenberg and R. K. Ten Haken},
   title     = {{A new look at displacement factor and point of
       measurement corrections in ionization chamber dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {307 -- 313},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ay04,
   author    = {M. R. Ay and M. Shahriari and S. Sarkar and M. Adib and H. Zaidi},
   title     = {{Monte carlo simulation of x-ray spectra in diagnostic radiology and
                 and mammography using MCNP4C}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4897 -- 4917},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 49,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ay05,
   author    = {M. R. Ay and S. Sarkar and M. Shahriari and H. Zaidi},
   title     = {{Assessment of different computational models for generation of x-ray
                 spectra in diagnostic radiology and mammography}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1660 -- 2687},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 32,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ay96,
   author    = {K. M.  Ayyangar and S. B.  Jiang},
   title     = {{Calculation of dosimetric data for small field sizes for
       6 MV X-rays using BEAM/DOSXYZ Monte Carlo codes}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1129},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {EGS4a OMEGAa},
   location  = {Dave has copy of all slides}
}

@article{Ay98,
   author    = {K. M.  Ayyangar and S. B.  Jiang and R. Dobelbower and J.
       Feldmeier and J. Battle and D. Carter and J. Brown},
   title     = {{ An extensive evaluation of the Monte Carlo Treatment
       planning for Stereotactic Radiosurgery}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {A199 (abstract)},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {treatment planning radiosurgery EGS4a OMEGAa},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {G4-9}
}

@article{Az04,
   author    = {M. C. Aznar and C. E. Andersen and L. B{\o}tter-Jensen and
S. A. J B\"{a}ck and S. Mattsson and F. Kjaer-Kristoffersen and J. Medin},
   title     = {{ Real-time optical-fibre luminescence dosimetry for
radiotherapy: physical characteristics and applications in photon beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1655 -- 1669},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 49,
   keywords  = {OSL},
   location  = {OSL binder, Az04.pdf}
}

@article{Az98,
   author    = {L.  Azario and A.  Piermattei and S.  Delle Canne
       and E.  Mainegra and R. Capote},
   title     = {{ Calibration factors for ionization chambers used for reference air kerma
       rate determination}},
   journal   = {Physica Medica},
   pages     = {25 -- 31},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {reference air kerma, calibration factors, Monte Carlo}
}

@article{BA86,
   author    = {A.  Brahme and P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry and quality specification of high energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Oncol.},
   pages     = {213 -- 223},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {beam quality specification},
   notes     = {gives spr vs. mu parameter variation for the different filter
       and target thicknesses},
   location  = {Dave has it}
}

@article{BB81,
   author    = {J. J.  Battista and M. J. Bronskill},
   title     = {{Comptoon scatter imaging of transverse sections: an
       overall appraisal and evaluation for radiotherapy planning}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {81 -- 99},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {Hounsfeld},
   notes     = {Contains a detailed appendix on converting CT numbers to
       electron densities},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BB93,
   author    = {J. E.  Burns and D. T.  Burns},
   title     = {{ Comments on `Ion recombination corrections for plane-parallel
       and thimble chambers in electron and photon radiation'}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1986 -- 1988},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {NPL TG--51 parallel plate},
   notes     = {Points out several errors in HK93.  Notes that usual eqn for
       continuous beams is for general recombination, but one only
       has initial recombination!},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{BB95,
   author    = {K. R.  Borg and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ QUADPLOT: A programme to plot quadric surfaces}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0491},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95},
   notes     = {Describes plotmtv plotting of quadric surfaces including the howfar and hownear solutions as well as a general algorithm to classify quadric surface types from arbitrary input.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BB09,
  author={D. T. Burns and L. B\"{u}ermann},
  title={Free-air ionization chambers},
  journal={Metrologia},
  volume={46},
  number={2},
  pages={S9--S23},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/46/i=2/a=S02},
  year={2009},
}


@article{BC02,
    author = {I. Buvat and I. Castiglioni},
    title  = {{Monte Carlo simulations in SPECT and PET}},
    journal   = {Q J Nucl Med},
    volume = {46 (1)},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {48--61},
    notes = {Review article about MC in PET and SPECT}
}

@article{BC69,
   author    = {T. E.  Burlin and F. K.  Chan},
   title     = {{ The Effect of the Wall on the Fricke Dosimeter}},
   journal   = {Int'l J App Rad Isotop},
   pages     = {767 -- 775},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {cavity theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BC80,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag and J. Currant},
   title     = {{Current collection and ionic recombination in small
       cylindrical ionization chambers exposed to pulsed radiation}},
   journal   = {Brit. J.  Radiol.},
   pages     = {471 -- 478},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = {53},
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{BC95,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. E.  Cullen},
   title     = {{ Incorporating the Lawrence Livermore photon interaction data base into the electron-photon Monte Carlo transport code EGS4}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematics and Computations, Reactor Physics, and Environmental Analyses" (American Nuclear Society Press, La Grange Park, Illinois, U.S.A.)},
   pages     = {866 -- 875},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSp95 EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BC95a,
   author    = {J.  Borg and P.  Christensen},
   title     = {{ Determination of Dose Rates in Beta Radiation Fields
       using Extrapolation Chamber and GM Counter}},
   journal   = {Rad. Prot. Dos.},
   pages     = {47 -- 52},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {61},
   abstract  = { },
   keywords  = {nonNRCp95}
}

@article{BD68,
   author    = {L.  Briacovich and A.  Dupasquier},
   title     = {{  Multiple scattering of fast electrons in thin layers}},
   journal   = {Il Nuovo Cimento},
   pages     = {1066 -- 1074},
   year      = {1968},
   volume    = 56,
   keywords  = {Plural scattering theory},
   notes     = {Provide a more realistic small cross section than Rutherford and use the Leisegang approach to approximating the scattering integral},
   location  = {Alex's files}
}

@article{BEAMWEB,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Publications using or about BEAM or the OMEGA project }},
   journal   = { },
   year      = { }
}

@article{BF52,
    author = {L.M. Brown and R.P. Feynman},
    title  = {{ Radiative corrections to Compton scattering }},
    journal = {Phys. Rev.},
    volume  = {85},
    year    = {1952},
    pages   = {231--244}
}

@article{BH82,
   author    = {L. W.  Berkley and W. F.  Hanson},
   title     = {{ Measurement of electron beam ionization vs depth in various tissue-like materials}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {607 (abs)},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {hm fluence corrections},
   notes     = {Results quoted extensively in Th85},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BG71,
author={Brown, D. B. and Gilfrich, J. V.},
journal={Journal of Applied Physics},
title={Measurement and Calculation of Absolute X-Ray Intensities},
year={1971},
month=sep ,
volume={42},
number={10},
pages={4044 -4046},
keywords={},
doi={10.1063/1.1659722},
ISSN={0021-8979}
}

@article{BH83,
   author    = {F. J.  Bova and L. W.  Hill},
   title     = {{ Surface doses for acrylic versus lead acrylic blocking trays for Co-60, 8-MV, and 17-MV photons}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {254 -- 256},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BH92,
   author    = {H.  Bichsel and T.  Hiraoka},
   title     = {{ Energy loss of 70 MeV protons in elements}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {345 -- 351},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {B66},
   keywords  = {stopping powers  mean excitation energy},
   notes     = {major change in graphite (87 eV) and water (80 eV)},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BH97,
   author    = {J.  Borg and J.  Helt-Hansen},
   title     = {{ EGS4 Monte Carlo Calculations of Energy Deposition in
       Silicon Detectors of a Triple
       Telescope Beta Spectrometer from Exposure to Electrons and Photons}},
   journal   = {Risoe Report Risoe-I-1209(EN)},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr97 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BJ86,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D.  Jette},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo evaluation of second-order multiple scattering theory}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {588},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRSa86}
}

@article{BJR25,
   author    = {},
   title     = {{ Central axis depth dose data for use in radiotherapy: 1996}},
   journal   = {Brit. J. Radiol., Suppl},
   pages     = {1 -- 188},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {review BJR25},
   location  = {Dave's TAR binder}
}

@article{BK97a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ The EGS4/PRESTA-II electron transport algorithm: Tests
       of electron step-size stability}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of
       Computers in Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {153 --- 154},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSe97 EGSnrcp EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BK97b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ From ``black art" to ``black box":  Towards a step-size
       independent electron transport condensed history algorithm
       using the physics of EGS4/PRESTA-II}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the Joint International Conference on Mathematical Methods and Supercomputing for Nuclear Applications" (American Nuclear Society Press, La Grange Park, Illinois, U.S.A.)},
   pages     = {1289 -- 1298},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSp97 EGSnrcp EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BK97c,
   author    = {A. F. Bielajew and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ High Accuracy Monte Carlo Calculations}},
   journal   = {J. Intl. Fed. Med. Biol. Engin.},
   pages     = {Suppl 2, 1096},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa97 EGSnrca},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BK97d,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ State-of-the-art Monte Carlo techniques for radiation
       treatment dose calculations}},
   journal   = {J. Intl. Fed. Med. Biol. Engin.},
   pages     = {Suppl 2, 1102},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {IRSa97},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BK09,
   author    = {D. T. Burns and C. Kessler},
   title     = {{ Diaphragm correction factors for free-air chamber
                  standards for air kerma in x-rays}},
   journal={Physics in Medicine and Biology},
   volume    ={54},
   number    ={9},
   pages     ={2737--2745},
   year      = {2009},
   keywords  = {BIPM FAC diaphragm corrections, did not reference us, corrigendum appended},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BL06,
    author = {I. Buvat and D. Lazaro},
    title = {{Monte Carlo simulation of emission tomography and GATE: An overview}},
    journal = \nimb,
    volume = {A 569},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {323--329},
    notes = {overview over various MC codes used in PET abd SPECT},
    keywords = {MC-PET}
}

@article{BL79,
   author    = {P. J.  Biggs and C. C.  Ling},
   title     = {{ Electrons as the cause of the observed $d_{max}$ shift with field size in high energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {291 -- 295},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 6,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BM04,
   author    = {M. J. Berger and J. W.  Motz},
   title     = {{ X-rays from thick tungsten targets irradiated by 500-50
              keV electrons}},
   journal   = \nimb,
   pages     = {327 -- 344},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 226,
   keywords  = {},
   notes     = {Martin died shortly after this was published (Nov 2004). He
had presented a talk based on this work at the AAPM in 2003 when awarded
the Gray medal.},
   location  = {\pdf/BM04.pdf }
}

@article{BM58,
   author    = {J. C.  Butcher and H.  Messel},
   title     = {{ Electron number distribution in electron-photon showers}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {2096 -- 2106},
   year      = {1958},
   volume    = 112,
   location  = {\pdf }
}

@article{BM59,
   author    = {G. P. Barnard and A. R. S. Marsh},
   title     = {{ The stopping-power correction for graphite cavity-chambers
       used with 2 MV X-rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {33 -- 42},
   year      = {1959},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {NPL},
   location  = {NPL binder}
}

@article{BM60,
   author    = {J. C.  Butcher and H.  Messel},
   title     = {{ Electron number distribution in electron-photon showers in air and aluminum absorbers}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Phys.},
   pages     = {15 -- 128},
   year      = {1960},
   volume    = 20,
   location  = { }
}

@article{BM75,
   author    = {F. Biggs and L. B. Mendelsohn and J. B. Mann},
   title     = {{ }},
   journal   = {At. Data and Nucl. Data Tables},
   pages     = {201},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {Compton profile tables},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BM79,
   author    = {R.  Birch and M.  Marshall},
   title     = {{ Computation of Bremsstrahlung X--ray spectra and comparison with spectra measured with a Ge(Li) detector}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {505 -- 517},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {TG61, X--ray_spectra},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BM85,
   author    = {A. L.  Boyer and E. C.  Mok},
   title     = {{ A photon dose distribution model employing convolution calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {169 -- 177},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {convolution},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Daryoush, binder S1-12}
}

@article{BM86,
   author    = {A. L.  Boyer and E. C.  Mok},
   title     = {{ Calculation of photon dose distributions in an inhomogeneous medium using convolutions}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {503 -- 509},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {convolution},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Daryoush, binder S1-13}
}

@article{BM88,
   author    = {I. A. D.  Bruinvis and W. A. F.  Mathol},
   title     = {{ Calculation of electron beam depth-dose curves and
       output factors for arbitrarily large fields}},
   journal   = {Radiother. Oncol.},
   pages     = {395 -- 404},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {output factors},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BM98,
   author    = {D. T.  Burns and M. R. McEwen},
   title     = {{ Ion recombination corrections for the NACP parallel-plate
       chamber in a pulsed electron beam}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {2033 -- 2045},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {NPL  Pion},
   notes     = {Recommends full saturation curve and 100 V and points out
       many problems},
   location  = {NPL and TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{BN00,
   author    = {F. M Buffa and A. E Nahum},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo dose calculations and radiobiological modelling:
       analysis of
       the effect of the statistical noise of the dose distribution on the
       probability
       of tumour control}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3009--3023},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
   number    = {10},
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{BN73,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and M-T.  Niatel},
   title     = {{ A Study of a Graphite Chamber for Absolute Exposure
       Measurements of $^{60}$Co Gamma Rays}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {139 -- 146},
   year      = {1973},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {exposure standard air kerma standard  BIPM saturation
       recombination},
   location  = {BIPM binder}
}

@article{BN91,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ Standard EGS4 on UNIX systems---evaluation of various UNIX architectures}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {607},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {IRSa91 EGS4a}
}

@article{BP72,
   author    = {D. K. Bewley and B. C. Page},
   title     = {{ Heat defect in carbon calorimeters for radiation dosimetry}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {584 -- 585},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {calorimetry},
   notes     = {Measured heat defect of graphite by measuring with and
       without 500 krad pre-irradiation. Their results imply 2$\pm$2\% heat
       defect for graphite in 7 MV photons.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BP87,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and A. M.  Perroche-Roux},
   title     = {{ Re-evaluation of the W value for electrons in dry air}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {213 -- 219},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 32,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone BIPM   TG--51 database},
   notes     = {W/e = 33.97$\pm$0.05(1$\sigma$) J/C based on 13 papers and
       consistent stopping-powers ratios and mass energy absorption
       coefficients. See Bo90 for changes due to gap effects.},
   location  = {DR's W/e binder}
}

@article{BP89,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and A.-M.  Perroche-Roux},
   title     = {{ Radial non-uniformity of the BIPM $^{60}$Co beam}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--89/2},
   pages     = {9 pages},
   year      = {1989},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BP89a,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and A.-M.  Perroche-Roux},
   title     = {{ Radial non-uniformity of the BIPM $^{60}$Co ~beam}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--89/2, 9 pages},
   year      = {1989},
   location  = {DRs CCEMRI binder}
}

@article{BP91,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and A.-M.  Perroche},
   title     = {{ Ionometric determination of absorbed dose in water for cobalt-60 gamma rays}},
   journal   = {BIPM committee draft document CCEMRI(1)/91--1},
   pages     = {1 -- 24},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {BIPM},
   notes     = {Uses graphite cavity in a water phantom with calculated perturbation factor.},
   location  = {DR's binder on 1991 CCEMRI meeting}
}

@article{BP92,
   author    = {N.  Blais and E. B.  Podgorsak},
   title     = {{ The mass angular scattering power method for determining
       the kinetic energies of clinical electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1931 -- 1942},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {electron mass scattering power},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BP93,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and A.-M.  Perroche},
   title     = {{ Ionometric determination of absorbed dose in water for cobalt-60 gamma rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {439 -- 454},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {BIPM},
   notes     = {Uses graphite cavity in a water phantom with calculated perturbation factor.},
   location  = {DR's BIPM binder}
}

@article{BP94,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and A.-M. Perroche},
   title     = {{Comparisons and Calibrations at the Bureau International des
       Poids et Mesures in the field of x and $\gamma$ rays}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/22, in Proceedings of Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {15 -- 23},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BP97,
   author    = {C. R. Baker and K. K. Peck},
   title     = {{ Reconstruction of 6 MV photon spectra from measured
       transmission including maximum energy estimation}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2041 -- 2051},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 42,
   keywords  = {attenuation, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {attenuation binder}
}

@article{BR05,
   author    = {L. A. Buckley and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Wall correction factors, $P_{wall}$,
for thimble ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year  = {(submitted July 2005)},
   pages     = {},
   volume    = {},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j nonNRC05},
   location  = {}
}

@article{BR05a,
   author    = {L. A. Buckley and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Wall correction factors, $P_{wall}$,
for parallel-plate ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {},
   year  = {(submitted Sept 2005)},
   volume    = {},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j nonNRC05},
   location  = {}
}

@article{BR05b,
   author    = {L. Buckley and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Calculated Pwall values in clinical photon beams}},
   journal   = {Proc. of 2005 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   year      = {2005},
   keywords  = {nonNRCp05, EGSnrcp },
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR78,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ RALPHA, A Fortran subroutine to calculate neutron flux in the associated particle method}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2474},
   year      = {1978},
   keywords  = {IRSr78},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR83,
   author    = {P. J.  Biggs and M. D.  Russell},
   title     = {{ An investigation into the presence of secondary electrons in megavoltage photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1033 --1043},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR85,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A new electron transport algorithm for EGS Monte Carlo calculations in medical physics}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {515},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRSa85 EGS4a PRESTA}
}

@article{BR86,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Interface artefacts in Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {301 -- 302},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {IRS86 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Letter explaining error in work of Smyth.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR86a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Photoelectron angular distribution in the EGS4 code system}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report  PIRS-0058},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {IRSr86 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Documents an upgrade to the EGS4 system.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR86b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A comparison of experiment with Monte Carlo calculations of TLD response}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {609},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRSa86}
}

@article{BR86c,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ PRESTA: The Parameter Reduced Electron-Step Transport Algorithm for electron Monte Carlo transport}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report  PIRS-0042},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {IRSr86 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Documentation on how to implement PRESTA algorithm in the EGS4 system.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR87,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ PRESTA: The Parameter Reduced Electron-Step Transport Algorithm for electron Monte Carlo transport}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {165 -- 181},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = {B18},
   keywords  = {IRS87 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Describes electron transport algorithm which can reduce computing times by up to a factor of 6.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR88,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Preliminary notes on wall attenuation corrections}},
   journal   = {BIPM Document CCEMRI(1)/88-23},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {IRSr88},
   notes     = {Progress Report to BIPM.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR88a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The point of measurement for thick-walled ion chambers in $\gamma$-beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (Supplement I) (abstract)},
   pages     = {142},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {IRSa88}
}

@article{BR88c,
   author    = {G. S. Burns and D. E. Raeside},
   title     = {{ The accuracy of single-seed dose superposition for I-125
               implants}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {627 -- 631},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 19,
   location  = {dave's brachy binder }
}

@article{BR90,
   author    = {J. E.  Burns and K. E.  Rosser},
   title     = {{ Saturation correction for the NE2560/1 dosemeter
       in photon dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {687 -- 693},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   notes     = {Measurements shown to be in good agreement with standard theory.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{BR92,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{A standard timing benchmark for EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {303 -- 304},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRS92 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Gives timing comparisons of different computers running the EGS4 benchmark code.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR92a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Implications of new correction factors on primary air kerma standards in $^{60}$Co ~beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1283 -- 1291},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {IRS92},
   notes     = {Points out that world's air kerma scale needs to be changed by about 0.6\% in view of recent advances in ion chamber theory.},
   location  = {\pdf/BR92a.pdf TG--51 standards binder}
}

@article{BR93,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Variance reduction techniques}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0396},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   notes     = {Lecture notes},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BR96a,
   author    = {D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{PAW: A tool to analyze phase space and DOSXYZ output}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--509m},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {IRSr96 OMEGAr EGS4r}
}

@article{BR98,
   author    = {J. Borg and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Calculations of Photon Spectra in Air
       from $^{192}$Ir Sources}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-629r},
   pages     = {},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSr98 NIHkQr},
   location  = {\pdf/BR98.pdf}
}

@article{BR99,
   author    = {J. Borg and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Spectra and Air-Kerma Strength for Encapsulated $^{192}$Ir
       Sources}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2441 -- 2444},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {IRS99 NIHkQj},
   location  = {\pdf/BR99.pdf}
}

@article{BS01,
   author    = {A. F. Bielajew and J. Sempau},
   title     = {{ Improved electron transport mechanics in the PENELOPE
                Monte-Carlo model}},
   journal   = \nimb,
   volume    = 173,
   pages     = {332 -- 343},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {PENELOPE},
   location  = {Penelope binder \pdf/BS01.pdf}
}

@article{BS04,
   author    = {H. Bouchard and J. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Ionization chamber-dbased reference dosimetry of intensity
                modulated radiation beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2454 -- 2465},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGSnrcj egsI pirs701 ik_misc },
   location  = {Dave's IMRT dosimetry binder \pdf/BS04.pdf}
}

@article{BS08,
  title={{Calculations of inner-shell ionization by electron impact with the distorted-wave and plane-wave Born approximations}},
  author={Bote, D. and Salvat, F.},
  journal={Physical Review A},
  volume={77},
  number={4},
  pages={42701},
  issn={1094-1622},
  year={2008},
  publisher={APS}
}

@article{BS64,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Tables of energy losses and ranges of electrons and positrons}},
   journal   = {NASA Report SP-3012 (Washington DC)},
   year      = {1964},
   keywords  = {electron stopping powers},
   notes     = {The standard text before ICRU37},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS69,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Calculation of energy and charge deposition and of the electron flux in a water medium bombarded with 20-MeV electrons}},
   journal   = {Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sci.},
   pages     = {8 -- 23},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 161,
   keywords  = {ETRAN Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS69a,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Quality of radiation in water medium irradiated with high-energy electron beams}},
   journal   = {Book of Abstracts of XII International Congress of Radiology},
   pages     = {127},
   year      = {1969},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, depth-dose curves and energy-range},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS70,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Bremsstrahlung and photoneutrons from thick tungsten and tantalum targets}},
   journal   = {Phys.  Rev.},
   pages     = {621 -- 631},
   year      = {1970},
   volume    = {C2},
   keywords  = {ETRAN Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS73,
   author    = {M. Berger and S. Seltzer},
   title     = {{ETRAN Monte Carlo code system for electron and photon
               transport through extended media}},
   journal   = {Report CCC-107, Radiation Shielding Information Centre,
                ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee},
   year      = {1973}
}

@article{BS76,
   author    = {A.  Brahme and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Specification of electron beam quality from the central-axis depth absorbed-dose distribution}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {95 -- 102},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 3,
   location  = {DRs electron beam energy range binder}
}

@article{BS79,
   author    = {A.  Brahme and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Radiation beam characteristics of a 22 MeV Microtron}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiologica Oncology},
   pages     = {244 -- 272},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 18
}

@article{BS82,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Tables of Energy-Deposition Distributions in Water Phantoms Irradiated by Point-Monodirectional Electron Beams with Energies from 1 to 60 MeV, and Applications to Broad Beams}},
   journal   = {NBS Report NBSIR 82-2451},
   year      = {1982},
   keywords  = {Eo=2.33R50},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS82a,
author = {B. E. Bj\"{a}rngard and R. L. Siddon},
title = {A note on equivalent circles, squares, and rectangles},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {1982},
journal = \mp,
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {258 -- 260},
keywords = {photon beams; radiation doses; scattering; circular configuration; radii; series expansion},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/9/258/1},
location = {TAR binder, BS82a.pdf}
}

@article{BS83,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Stopping power and ranges of electrons and positrons}},
   journal   = {NBS Report NBSIR 82-2550-A (second edition)},
   year      = {1983},
   keywords  = {electron stopping powers},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS84,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and B. D.  Serot},
   title     = {{ Renormalized Hartree-Fock equations in a nuclear relativistic quantum field theory}},
   journal   = {Ann. Phys.},
   pages     = {215 - 264},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 156,
   keywords  = {IRS84},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS85,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag and W. W. Seelentag},
   title     = {{A general saturation curve for an ionization chamber
       filled with nitrogen at pressures up to 8 atmospheres}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {624 -- 626},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{BS86,
   author    = {J.  B\"{o}hm and U. Schneider},
   title     = {{ Review of extrapolation chamber measurements of beta
       rays and low energy x rays}},
   journal   = {Rad. Prot. Dos.},
   pages     = {193 -- 198},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {PTB},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS88,
   author = {John M. Boone and J. Anthony Seibert},
   title = {An analytical model of the scattered radiation distribution in diagnostic radiology},
   publisher = {AAPM},
   year = {1988},
   journal = \mp,
   volume = {15},
   number = {5},
   pages = {721-725},
   keywords = {BIOMEDICAL RADIOGRAPHY; X--RAY RADIOGRAPHY; SCATTERING; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES; IMAGE PROCESSING; CORRECTIONS; DIGITAL SYSTEMS},
   url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/15/721/1},
   doi = {10.1118/1.596186}
}

@article{BS97,
   author = {John M. Boone and J. Anthony Seibert},
   title = {An accurate method for computer-generating tungsten anode
            X-ray spectra from 30 keV to 140 keV},
   publisher = {AAPM},
   year = {1997},
   journal = \mp,
   volume = {24},
   number = {11},
   pages = {1661-1670},
   keywords = {X--RAY RADIOGRAPHY; SCATTERING},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597953},
   doi = {10.1118/1.597953}
}

@article{BS92,
   author    = {J. J.  Battista and M. B.  Sharpe},
   title     = {{True three-dimensional dose computations for megavoltage
       x-ray therapy: a role for the superposition principle}},
   journal   = {Aust. Phys. Eng. Sci. Med.},
   pages     = {159 -- 178},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {review of dose calculation algorithms},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{BS94,
   author    = {B. E.  Bj\"{a}rngard and H. Shackford},
   title     = {{Attenuation in high-energy x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1069 -- 1073},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {beam quality specification  wedge  off-axis  beam
       hardening},
   location  = {DR binder Sweden},
   notes     = {measured attenuation of dose for 2 water thicknesses}
}

@article{BS96,
   author    = {D. Brusa and G. Stutz and J. A. Riveros and {J. M.
       Fern\'andez-Varea} and F.  Salvat},
   title     = {{Fast sampling algorithm for the simulation of photon
       Compton scattering}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {167-175},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {A379},
   keywords  = {Bound Compton scattering, PENELOPE},
   location  = {Iwan's office}
}

@article{BU66,
   author    = {T. E.  Burlin},
   title     = {{ A general theory of cavity ionization}},
   journal   = {Br. J. Radiol.},
   pages     = {727 -- 734},
   year      = {1966},
   volume    = 39,
   keywords  = {general cavity theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{BW52,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag and T. Wilson},
   title     = {{ The saturation curve at high ionization intensity}},
   journal   = {Br. J. Applied Phys},
   pages     = {222 --229},
   year      = {1952},
   volume    = {3},
   keywords  = {saturation theory recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{BW91,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and P. E.  Weibe},
   title     = {{ EGS-Windows - A Graphical Interface to EGS}},
   journal   = {NRCC Report: PIRS-0274},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {IRSr91 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Description and users manual for a three dimensional graphical interface to EGS4 simulations.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba02,
   author    = {M. Baker and G. A. Bass and M. J. Woods},
   title     = {{ Calibration of the NPL secondary standard radionuclide
       calibrator for $^{125}$I seeds used for prostate brachytherapy}},
   journal   = {Applied Rad'n and Isotopes},
   pages     = {321 -- 325},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 56,
   keywords  = {NPL, seed anisotropy},
   notes     = {dave sent e-mails to NPL,NIST,UW June 10,02},
   location  = {NPL binder \pdf/Ba02.pdf}
}

@article{Ba03,
  author={A. Bakai and M. Alber and F. N\"{u}sslin},
  title={A revision of the $\gamma$-evaluation concept for the comparison
         of dose distributions },
  journal= \pmb,
  volume={48},
  number={21},
  pages={3543 -- 3553},
  year={2003},
  keywords = {IMRT},
  location = {\pdf/Ba03.pdf}
}

@article{Ba04,
    author = {C Baum and M Alber and M Birkner and F N\"{u}sslin},
    title = {{Treatment simulation approaches for the estimation of the distributions of treatment quality parameters generated by geometrical uncertainties}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {49},
    pages = {5475--5488},
    keywords = { xvmcv },
}

@article{Ba08,
author = {M. Baumann and T. Hölscher and D. Zips},
title = {The future of IGRT – Cost Benefit Analysis},
journal = {Acta Oncologica},
volume = {47},
number = {7},
pages = {1188-1192},
year = {2008},
doi = {10.1080/02841860802304556},
URL = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02841860802304556},
eprint = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02841860802304556}
}
@article{Ba57,
   author    = {Z.  Bay and W. B.  Mann and H. H.  Seliger and H. O.  Wyckoff},
   title     = {{ Absolute Measurement of W$_{air}$ for sulfur-35 Beta Rays}},
   journal   = {Rad'n. Res.},
   pages     = {558 -- 569},
   year      = {1957},
   volume    = 7,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone},
   notes     = {W/e=33.7$\pm$0.3 eV/ip, measure energy output and total charge from slowing electrons. Used wrong half-life - current value implies W/e is 0.9\% less. This result strongly correlated with Gr57 via common energy output.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba59,
   author    = {G. P. Barnard and E. J. Axton and A. R. S. Marsh},
   title     = {{ A study of cavity ion chambers for use with 2~MV X-rays;
       Equilibrium wall thickness; Wall-Absorption Correction}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {366 - 394},
   year      = {1959},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {NPL Awall Kwall},
   location  = {NPL Binder \pdf/Ba59.pdf}
}

@article{Ba62,
   author    = {G. P. Barnard and E. J. Axton and A. R. S. Marsh},
   title     = {{On the Use of Roentgen-Calibrated, cavity ionization
       chambers in tissue-like phatoms to determine absorbed dose}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {229 -- 240},
   year      = {1962},
   volume    = 7,
   keywords  = {NPL},
   location  = {NPL binder}
}

@article{Ba64,
   author    = {G. P. Barnard and G. H. Aston and A. R. S. Marsh and K. Redding},
   title     = {{ On the Congruity of N.P.L. Exposure Standards}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {333 -- 344},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {NPL},
   notes     = {Comparison of free air chambers and cavity ion chambers
       emphasizing the large role of slight impurities for low
       energy photon beams.},
   location  = {DR binder on 192Ir, NPL binder}
}

@article{Ba64a,
   author    = {G. P.  Barnard},
   title     = {{ Standardization of Ionization Chambers for Megavoltage
       X-rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {287 -- 294},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {NPL},
   notes     = {Outlines problems in establishing standards above 2MV.},
   location  = {NPL binder TG--51 fundamentals binder}
}

@article{Ba64b,
   author    = {G. P.  Barnard and A. R. S.  Marsh and D. G. I.  Hitchman},
   title     = {{ Studies of Cavity Ionization Chambers with Megavoltage X-rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {295 -- 319},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {NPL},
   notes     = {Outlines method for using graphite walled chambers to assess dose in high energy x-ray beams.},
   location  = {TG--51 fundamentals binder}
}

@article{Ba64c,
   author    = {G. P. Barnard},
   title     = {{ Dose-Exposure Conversion Factors for Megavoltage X-ray
       dosimetry}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {321 -- 332},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {NPL},
   notes     = {Gives method to use an exposure calibrated ion chamber to
       measure absorbed dose},
   location  = {NPL binder}
}

@article{Ba73,
   author    = {A. P.  Baerg},
   title     = {{ Pressurized Proportional Counters for Coincidence Measurements}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {95},
   year      = {1973},
   volume    = 112,
   keywords  = {IRS73},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba73a,
   author    = {J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ A Magnetic Spectrometer for Betatron Electrons}},
   journal   = {Master's Thesis, The University of Western Ontario},
   year      = {1973},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba76,
   author    = {A. P.  Baerg and K.  Munzenmayer and G. C.  Bowes},
   title     = {{ Live-Timed Anti-Coincidence Counting with Extending Dead-Time Circuitry}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {77 -- 80},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRS76},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba80,
   author    = {A. P.  Baerg and G. C.  Bowes and K.  Munzenmayer},
   title     = {{ Additive Data Collection for Coincidence and Anti-coincidence Counting}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR-2545},
   year      = {1980},
   keywords  = {IRSr80},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba80a,
author = {N. A. Baily},
title = {{Electron backscattering}},
year = {1980},
journal = \mp,
volume = {7},
pages = {514 -- 519},
keywords = {Zeff},
location = {\pdf/Ba80a.pdf}
}

@article{Ba81,
   author    = {L. C.  Baird},
   title     = {{ X-ray spectra vs attenuation data: A theoretical analysis}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {319 -- 323},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {attenuation, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {attenuation folder}
}

@article{Ba81a,
   author    = {A. P.  Baerg},
   title     = {{ Note on 2$\pi\beta$-proportional counting for thin $\alpha$-sources}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR-2581},
   year      = {1981},
   keywords  = {IRSr81},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba81b,
   author    = {A. P.  Baerg},
   title     = {{ Multiple Channel 4$\pi\beta-\gamma$ Anti-Coincidence Counting}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {345 -- 349},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 190,
   keywords  = {IRS81},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba92,
   author    = {C. T.  Ballinger and J. A.  Rathkopf and W. R.  Martin},
   title     = {{ The response history Monte Carlo method for electron transport}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Sci. Eng.},
   pages     = {283 -- 295},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 112,
   keywords  = {Response history paper},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ba93,
   author    = {C. R.  Baker},
   title     = {{ Reconstruction of Clinical Bremsstrahlung Spectra in the Range 4 to 30 MeV}},
   journal   = {Ph.D. thesis, University of Surrey, U.K.},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {Dave has copy in binder}
}

@article{Ba94,
   author    = {D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo model of the 6 MV photon beam from a
       SL25 accelerator}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1368 (abstract)},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa}
}

@article{Ba95,
   author    = {C. R. Baker and B. Ama'ee and N M Spyrou},
   title     = {{ Reconstruction of megavoltage photon spectra by
       attenuation analysis}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {529 -- 542},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 40,
   keywords  = {attenuation, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {attenuation binder}
}

@article{Ba95a,
   author    = {J. Baro and J. Sempau and J. M. Fernandez-Varea and F. Salvat},
   title     = {{ PENELOPE: an algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the
       penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter}},
   journal   = \nimb,
   volume    = 100,
   pages     = {31 -- 46},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {TG--105, PENELOPE},
   location  = {PENELOPE binder,\pdf/Ba95a.pdf}
}

@article{Be02,
   author    = {W. A. Beckham and P. J. Keall and J. V. Siebers},
   title     = {{ A fluence-convolution method to calculate radiation
       therapy dose distributions that incorporate random set-up error}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3465 -- 3473},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Be03,
   author    = {E. S. Bergstrand and K. R. Shortt and C. K. Ross and E. O. Hole},
   title     = {{ An investigation of the photon energy dependence of the
       EPR alanine dosimetry system}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1753 -- 1771},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {IRS03 ik_misc },
   location  = {Be03.pdf, dave's alanine binder}
}

@article{Be05,
   author    = {E. S. Bergstrand and H. Bjerke  and E. O. Hole},
   title     = {{ An experimental investigation of the electron energy dependence of the
       EPR alanine dosimetry system}},
   journal   = {Radiation Meas},
   pages     = {21 -- 28},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 39,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {Be05.pdf, dave's alanine binder}
}

@article{Be05a,
author = {A. Sam Beddar and Tina Marie Briere and Firas A. Mourtada and Oleg N. Vassiliev and H. Helen Liu and Radhe Mohan},
title = {{Monte Carlo calculations of the absorbed dose and energy dependence of plastic scintillators}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {5},
pages = {1265-1269},
keywords = { OMEGAj EGSnrcj pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1265/1}
}

@article{Be30,
   author    = {H. A.  Bethe},
   title     = {{ Theory of passage of swift corpuscular rays through matter}},
   journal   = {Ann. Physik},
   pages     = {325},
   year      = {1930},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {Bethe-Bloch slowing down},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Be32,
   author    = {H. A.  Bethe},
   title     = {{ Scattering of electrons}},
   journal   = {Z. f\"{u}r Physik},
   pages     = {293},
   year      = {1932},
   volume    = 76,
   keywords  = {Bethe-Bloch slowing down},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Be53,
   author    = {H. A.  Bethe},
   title     = {{ Moli\`ere's theory of multiple scattering}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {1256 -- 1266},
   year      = {1953},
   volume    = 89,
   keywords  = {Moli\`ere's theory of multiple scattering},
   location  = {DRs binder multiple scattering}
}

@article{Be63a,
   author    = {D. K Bewley},
   title     = {{ The measurement of locally absorbed dose of megavoltage X-rays by means of a carbon calorimeter}},
   journal   = {Brit J Radiol.},
   pages     = {865 -- 878},
   year      = {1963},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {calorimetry W/e Wone},
   notes     = {W/e =34.0$\pm$0.2 eV from comparison of graphite calorimeter and ion chamber in graphite block.},
   location  = {DR's W/e binder}
}

@article{Be67,
   author    = {R. E. Bentley and J. C. Jones and S. C. Lillicrap},
   title     = {{ X-ray spectra from accelerators in the range 2 to 6 MeV}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {301 -- 314},
   year      = {1967},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {compton scatter, spectral.reconstruction NaI},
   notes     = {2MeV Van de Graaff, 6 MV Mullard and 6 MV Vickers
       used clinically},
   location  = {brem spectra non-transmission binder}
}

@article{Be71,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   title     = {{ Distribution of absorbed dose around point sources of
                electrons and beta particles in water and other media}},
   journal   = {(MIRD Pamphlet No. 7) J. Nucl. Med.},
   pages     = {5 -- 24},
   year      = {1971},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {dose point kernels},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Be73,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   title     = {{ Improved point kernels for electron and beta ray
                dosimetry}},
   journal   = {NBS Report NBSIR 73-107},
   year      = {1973},
   keywords  = {dose point kernels},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Be75,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and S. M.  Seltzer and S. R.  Domen and P. J.  Lamperti},
   title     = {{ Stopping-power ratios for electron dosimetry with ionization chambers}},
   journal   = {in Biomedical Dosimetry, (IAEA Vienna)},
   pages     = {589 -- 609},
   year      = {1975},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo ETRAN NIST NBS},
   notes     = {Calculation of sprs but has no trackends. Could use data to get W/e value.},
   location  = {DR's sprr binder, W/e binder}
}

@article{Be76,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   title     = {{ private communication}},
   journal   = {(conversation with W. R. Nelson)},
   year      = {1976},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Be80,
   author    = {L. W.  Berkley and W. F. Gagnon and W. F.  Hanson and
       K. A. Weaver and R. J. Shalek},
   title     = {{A review of the discrepancy between the in-air and in-water
       calibration of cobalt-60 machines}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {520 -- 524},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 7,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Be92,
   author    = {A. S.  Beddar and T. R.  Mackie and F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Water-equivalent plastic scintillation detectors for high-energy beam dosimetry: I. Physical characteristics and theoretical considerations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1883 -- 1900},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   location  = {DR's LiF,Diode and Scintillator book}
}

@article{Be92a,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   title     = {{ ESTAR, PSTAR and ASTAR: Computer Programs for Calculating Stopping-Power and Ranges for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions}},
   journal   = {NIST Report NISTIR-4999 (Washington DC), available on-line
       at http://physics.nist.gov/Star},
   year      = {1992},
   location  = {installed at ~dave/estar/ESTAR}
}

@article{Bh35,
   author    = {H. J.  Bhabha},
   title     = {{}},
   journal   = {Proc. Royal Society London},
   pages     = {195},
   year      = {1935},
   volume    = {A154},
   keywords  = {Original reference to Bhabha scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bh99,
   author    = {M. Bhat and J. Pattison and G. Bibbo and M. Caon},
   title     = {{Off-axis x-ray spectra: A comparison of Monte Carlo simulated
                 and computed x-ray spectra with measured spectra}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {303 -- 309},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {}
}

@article{Bi01,
   author    = {M. R.  Bieda and J. A. Antolak and K. R.  Hogstrom},
   title     = {{The effect of scattering foil parameters on electron-beam
       Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2527 -- 2534},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j DOSXYZ},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {\pdf/Bi01.pdf}
}

@article{Bi79,
   author    = {P. J.  Biggs and A. L.  Boyer and K. P.  Doppke},
   title     = {{ Electron dosimetry of irregular fields on Clinac-18}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {433 -- 440},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {electron dosimetry, irregular field},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi81,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ A relativistic quantum field theory for rotating nuclear matter}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Phys.},
   pages     = {358 - 368},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = {A367},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi82,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Non-perturbative approaches to a relativistic quantum field theory of nuclear matter}},
   journal   = {(PhD Thesis, Stanford University)},
   year      = {1982},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi83,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Renormalization of the self-consistent summation of exchange diagrams in a relativistic quantum field theory}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Phys.},
   pages     = {428 - 442},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = {A404},
   keywords  = {IRS83},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi84,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The effect of free electrons on ionization chamber saturation curves}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {746},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {Pion IRSa84}
}

@article{Bi84a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Electrode, phantom and guard ring effects on the response of ion chambers in $^{60}$Co beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {398},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {IRSa84}
}

@article{Bi85,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of ion chamber response to $^{60}$Co
       -- Resolution of anomalies associated with interfaces}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {419 -- 428},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {IRS85},
   notes     = {Describes  how to overcome the problems simulating
       ion-chamber response.},
   location  = {\pdf/bi85.pdf}
}

@article{Bi85a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The Effect of Free Electrons on Ionization Chamber
       Saturation Curves}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {197 -- 200},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRS85 recombination},
   notes     = {Investigation of an effect which was shown to be negligible under normal circumstances.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bi86,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Ionization cavity theory: a formal derivation of perturbation factors for thick-walled ion chambers in photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {161 -- 170},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {IRS86},
   notes     = {A rigorous derivation of correction factors for parallel beams.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi86a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ RNG64 - A 64-bit random number generator for use on a VAX computer}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report  PIRS-0049},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {IRSr86},
   notes     = {Documents a technique to ensure random numbers do not repeat in long Monte Carlo calculations.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi87,
   author    = {P. J.  Biggs},
   title     = {{ The forward production of high-energy electrons from megavoltage photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {767 -- 771},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi87a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Cygler and
       J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ A Comparison of Electron Pencil Beam and Monte Carlo
       Calculational Methods}},
   journal   = {In ``Proc. of the Ninth (1987) Int. Conf.  on the Use of
       Computers in Radiation Therapy'' ed. by I. A. D. Bruinvis et al.
       (North-Holland, Amsterdam)},
   pages     = {65 -- 68},
   year      = {1987},
   keywords  = {IRSp87},
   notes     = {An attempt to understand the failures of analytic models of electron transport.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi89,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and R.  Mohan and C. S.  Chui},
   title     = {{ Improved bremsstrahlung photon angular sampling in the EGS4 code system}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report  PIRS-0203},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {IRSr89 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Presents an improved algorithm for sampling the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung generated photons.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi89b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Resolution of the discrepancy between Monte Carlo calculated $A_{\rm wall}$'s and extrapolation experiments}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {500},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {IRSa89}
}

@article{Bi90,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ An analytic theory of the point-source non-uniformity correction factor for thick-walled ionisation chambers in photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {517 -- 538},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {IRS90},
   notes     = {Derives analytic expressions for the small corrections required for ion chambers used as air kerma standards and shows that there are significant errors in several primary standards.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi90a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Correction factors for thick-walled ionisation chambers in point-source photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {501 -- 516},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {IRS90},
   notes     = {Presents a formal theory for the effects of photon beams not
       being parallel and compares the results to experiment.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi90b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ On the technique of extrapolation to obtain wall correction
       factors for ion chambers irradiated by photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {583 -- 587},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {Awall IRS90},
   notes     = {Explains discrepancies between Monte Carlo calculations and
       ``experimental'' data by showing that the method of linear
       extrapolation to zero wall thickness is incorrect.},
   location  = {\pdf/Bi90b.pdf}
}

@article{Bi90c,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The EGS4 Monte Carlo code system on a SUN/UNIX platform}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {737},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRSa90 EGS4a}
}

@article{Bi90d,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and R.  Mohan and C.-S.  Chui},
   title     = {{ Improved bremsstrahlung photon angular sampling in the EGS4 code system}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {522},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRSa90 EGS4a}
}

@article{Bi90e,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Direct Monte Carlo tests of the point-source non-uniformity correction factor}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {546},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRSa90}
}

@article{Bi90f,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Improving air-kerma (exposure) standards by Monte Carlo methods}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {285},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {IRSa90}
}

@article{Bi91,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Improved angular sampling for pair production in the EGS4
       code system}},
   journal   = {NRCC Report: PIRS-0287R},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSr91 EGS4p EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {Describes the implementation of accurate angular sampling
       instead of the constant angle approximation used previously.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi91a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ Standard EGS4 on UNIX systems---evaluation of various UNIX architectures}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {607},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18
}

@article{Bi92,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The effect of strong longitudinal $\vec{B}$-fields on dose from $e^-$ and $\gamma$ beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {816 -- 817},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRSa92}
}

@article{Bi92a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and R.  Wang and S.  Duane},
   title     = {{ Accurate $e^-$ transport calculations using single elastic scattering Monte Carlo}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {792},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRSa92}
}

@article{Bi93,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The effect of strong longitudinal magnetic fields on dose deposition from electron and photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1171 -- 1179},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {IRS93},
   notes     = {Monte Carlo technique is used to assess effect of magnetic fields on treatment beams.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and R.  Wang and S.  Duane},
   title     = {{ Incorporation of single scattering in the EGS4 Monte Carlo code system: Tests of Moliere theory}},
   journal   = {Nuc Inst Meth},
   pages     = {503 -- 512},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {B82},
   keywords  = {IRS93 EGS4j},
   notes     = {A single scattering option is added to EGS4 and used to test Moliere multiple scattering theory which is used in the default condensed history technique in EGS4.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Graphics!}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0397},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Describes graphics capabilities for EGS},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93c,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ How to manage the EGS4 system}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0391},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93d,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Running EGS4 on other machines}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0392},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93e,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Photon Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0393},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93f,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Electron Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0394},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi93g,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Efficiency, statistics and sampling}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0395},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi94,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Plural and multiple small-angle scattering from a screened Rutherford cross section}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {257 -- 269},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {B86},
   keywords  = {IRS94},
   notes     = {New multiple scattering theory.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi94a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Modeling in External Electron-Beam Radiotherapy --- Why Leave it to Chance?}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XI'th Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {2 -- 5},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSp94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi94b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and H.  Hirayama and W. R.  Nelson and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ History, overview and recent improvements of EGS4}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0436},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSr94 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi94c,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Improvements of elastic-scattering models employed by the Monte Carlo method for high-accuracy dosimetry applications}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XI'th Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {148 -- 149},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSe94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi94d,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Comments on ``Calculation of absorbed dose ratios using correlated Monte Carlo sampling"}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {35},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRS94},
   notes     = {Points out Ma and Nahum's misinterpretation in their criticism of correlated sampling employed in the calculation of correction factors for ion chambers by Bielajew},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi94e,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Exact plural and multiple elastic electron Rutherford scattering: Assessment of Moli\`ere and Keil-Zeitler-Zinn theories}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {680},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi95,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ EGS4 timing benchmark results: Why Monte Carlo is a viable
       option for radiotherapy treatment planning}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematics
       and Computations, Reactor Physics, and Environmental Analyses"
       (American Nuclear Society Press, La Grange Park, Illinois,
       U.S.A.)},
   pages     = {831 -- 837},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSp95,  EGS4p, radiotherapy benchmark results},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi95a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ HOWFAR and HOWNEAR: Geometry Modeling for Monte Carlo Particle Transport}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0341},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95},
   notes     = {Describes geometry modeling for EGS, howfar and hownear solutions for arbitrary quadric surfaces},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi95c,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Incorporating the Livermore Photon Interaction Data Base into the electron-photon Monte Carlo transport code EGS4}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {662},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95 EGS4a}
}

@article{Bi95d,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Incorporating the Lawrence Livermore photon interaction data base into the electron-photon Monte Carlo transport code EGS4}},
   journal   = {In ``Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists Conference Proceedings " (Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists Secretariat, Edmonton, Canada)},
   pages     = {31 -- 32},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSe95 EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi95f,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Advances in Monte Carlo electron transport}},
   journal   = {Radioth. and Oncol. Suppl 1 (abstract)},
   pages     = {S28},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {IRSa95 EGS4a}
}

@article{Bi96,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ A hybrid multiple-scattering theory for electron-transport Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {195 -- 208},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {B111},
   keywords  = {IRS96 EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   notes     = {New multiple scattering theory.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi96b,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Effects of a M\o ller cross section error in the EGS4 code}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1153},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96 EGS4a},
   notes     = {Reports error in M\o ller sampling routines which was
       corrected in egs4unix\_3.0.}
}

@article{Bi98,
   author    = {M.  Bieda and J.  Antolak and K.  Hogstrom},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo method for commissioning electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1577},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa EGS4a DOSXYZ},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bi99,
   author    = {M.  Bieda and K.  Hogstrom and J.  Antolak},
   title     = {{ Modification of Input Data for Electron Beam Monte Carlo
       Calculations}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1122},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa EGS4a},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bj02,
   author    = {P. Bj\"{o}rk and P Nilsson and T Kn\"{o}\"{o}s},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry characteristics of degraded electron beams
       investigated by Monte Carlo calculations in a setup for
       intraoperative radiation therapy}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {239 -- 256},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {47},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j EGSnrcj egsI pirs701},
   ocation   = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Bj02a,
   author    = {P Bj\"{o}rk and T Kn\"{o}\"{o}s and P Nilsson},
   title     = {{ Influence of initial electron beam characteristics on
       Monte Carlo calculated absorbed dose distributions for linear accelerator
       beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4019 -- 4041},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {47},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI },
   ocation   = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Bj04,
  author={P. Bj\"{o}rk and T. Kn\"{o}\"{o}s and P. Nilsson},
  title={{Measurements of output factors with different detector types and
         Monte Carlo calculations of stopping-power ratios for
         degraded electron beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
  volume={49},
  number={19},
  pages={4493 -- 4506},
  year={2004},
  keywords={OMEGAj EGSnrcj egsI pirs701 }
}

@article{Bj89,
   author    = {B. E.  Bj\"{a}rngard and J.-S.  Tsai and R. K.  Rice},
   title     = {{ Doses on the central axes on narrow 6-MV x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {794 -- 799},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {TG 54 EGS4j INHOMP phantom scatter kerma vs dose},
   location  = {DRs head scatter binder}
}

@article{Bj95,
   author    = {B.E. Bjarngard and P. Vadash and T. Zhu},
   title     = {{ Doses near the surface in high-energy x-ray beams }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {465 -- 468},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Bj95.pdf}
}

@article{Bj96,
   author    = {B. E. Bj\"{a}rngard and T. C. Zhu and C. Ceberg},
   title     = {{Tissue-phantom ratios from percentage depth doses}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {629 -- 634},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TPR binder}
}

@article{Bl98,
  title={{Calculated mammographic spectra confirmed with attenuation curves for molybdenum, rhodium, and tungsten targets}},
  author={M. M. Blough and R. G. Waggener and W. H. Payne and J. A. Terry},
  journal=\mp,
  volume={25},
  pages={1605},
  year={1998}
}
@article{Bl02,
   author    = {M. Blomquist and J. Li and C.-M. Ma and B. Zackrisson
       and M. Karlsson},
   title     = {{Comparison between a conventional treatment energy and 50
       MV photons for the treatment of lung tumours}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {889 -- 897},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj, BEAM, EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Bl02a,
   author    = {M. Blomquist and M. G. Karlsson and B. Zackrisson and
       M. Karlsson},
   title     = {{Multileaf collimation of electrons - clinical effects on
       electron energy modulation and mixed beam therapy
       depending on treatment head design}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1013 -- 1024},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj, BEAM, EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Bl33,
   author    = {F.  Bloch},
   title     = {{ Stopping power of atoms with several electrons}},
   journal   = {Z. f\"{u}r Physik},
   pages     = {363},
   year      = {1933},
   volume    = 81,
   keywords  = {Bethe-Bloch slowing down},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo00,
   author    = {J. Borg and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Experimental verification of EGSnrc Monte Carlo Calculated
       Ion Chamber Response in Low Energy Photon Beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1445 (abstract)},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa00 NIHkQa EGSnrca},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo01,
   author    = {R. A. Boyd and K. R. Hogstrom and J. A. Antolak and
       A. S. Shiu},
   title     = {{ A measured data set for evaluating electron-beam dose
       algorithms}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {950 -- 958},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--105 OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder, TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ba01.pdf}
}

@article{Bo01a,
   author    = {J F Boas and R B Huntley and D V Webb},
   title     = {{ The relative response of NE2561 and NE2611A ionization
       chambers in megavoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3259 -- 3267},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   location  = {Dave's TG--51 binder \pdf/Bo01a.pdf}
}

@article{Bo02,
   author    = {Robert A. Boyd and Kenneth R. Hogstrom and
       R. Allen White and John A. Antolak},
   title     = {{The effect of scattering foil parameters on electron-beam
       Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2527--2534},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = {28},
   notes     = {Shows strong dependence of BEAM calculated profiles on the
       distance between scattering foils for the largest field sizes}
}

@article{Bo02a,
    author = {D. Bollini and R. Campanini and N. Lanconneli and A. Riccardi},
    title = {{A Modular description of the geometry in Monte Carlo modelling
        studies for nuclear medicine}},
    journal = {Int. Journal of Modern Physics},
    volume = {C13},
    year = 2002,
    pages = {465--476},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj EGS4j },
    notes = { Geometry package for modelling nuclear medicine devices }
}

@article{Bo03,
    author = {Tim D. Bohm and Paul M. DeLuca and Jr. and Larry A. DeWerd},
    title = {{Brachytherapy dosimetry of $^{125}$I and $^{103}$Pd sources using an updated cross section library for the MCNP Monte Carlo transport code}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    number = {4},
    pages = {701--711},
    keywords = { pirs701 },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/701/1}
}

@article{Bo05,
   author    = {C. Boudreau and E. Heath and J. Seuntjens and O. Ballivy and W. Parker},
   title     = {{ IMRT head and neck treatment planning with a commercially
available Monte Carlo based planning system }},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {879 -- 890},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {TG--105, PREGRINE},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Bo05.pdf}
}

@article{Bo05a,
    author = {E Boman and J Tervo and M Vauhkonen},
    title = {{Modelling the transport of ionizing radiation using the finite element method}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {265--280},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
}

@article{Bo12,
    author = {C. Borges and M. Zarza-Moreno and E. Heath and N. Teixeira and P. Vaz},
    title = {{Monte Carlo modeling and simulations of the High Definition (HD120) micro MLC
and validation against measurements for a 6 MV beam}},
    year = {2012},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {39},
    number = {1},
    pages = {415--423}
}

@article{Bo21a,
   author    = {W.  Bothe},
   title     = {{ Die G\"ultigkeitsgrenzen des Gau\ss schen Fehlergesetzes f\"ur unabh\"angige Elementarfehlerquellen}},
   journal   = {Z. f\"{u}r Physik},
   pages     = {161 -- 177},
   year      = {1921},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {Multiple scattering theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo21b,
   author    = {W.  Bothe},
   title     = {{ Das allgemeine Fehlergesetz, die Schwankungen der Feldst\"arke in einem Dielektrikum und die Zerstreuung der $\alpha$-Strahlen}},
   journal   = {Z. f\"{u}r Physik},
   pages     = {63 -- 69},
   year      = {1921},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {Multiple scattering theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo50,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag},
   title     = {{ Ionization measurements at very high intensities. I.
       Pulsed radiation beams}},
   journal   = \BJR,
   pages     = {601 -- 611},
   year      = {1950},
   volume    = {23},
   keywords  = {saturation theory recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bo52,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag},
   title     = {{ The saturation curve for ionization measurements in
       pulsed radiation beams}},
   journal   = \BJR,
   pages     = {649 -- 650},
   year      = {1952},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {saturation theory recombination},
   notes     = {Experimental verification of the Boag 1950 formula for
       pulsed beam general recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bo68,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and W. H. Henry and P. J. Lamperti},
   title     = {{ Comparison of exposure standards in the 10--50 kV X-ray region}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {1 -- 11},
   year      = {1968},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {IRS68},
   notes     = {Describes a 3 way key comparison, still quoted in 2003},
   location  = {Dave's x-ray comparison binder}
}

@article{Bo75,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag},
   title     = {{ General recombination in ionization cahmebrs with
       spatially non-uniform ionization intensity -- two special cases}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiat. Phys. Chem.},
   pages     = {243 -- 249},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = {7},
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bo76,
   author    = {J.  B\"{o}hm},
   title     = {{ Saturation corrections for plane-parallel ionization
       chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {754 -- 759},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bo78,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Mesure de l'exposition au BIPM dans le domaine des rayons X de 100 a 250 kV}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM-78/3},
   pages     = {10 pages},
   year      = {1978},
   notes     = {Describes energy free air chambers at BIPM.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo78a,
   author    = {J. E.  Bond and R.  Nath and R. J.  Schulz},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculation of the wall correction factors for
       ionization chambers and $A_{\rm eq}$ for $^{60}$Co $\gamma$ rays}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {422 -- 425},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, Ion chamber calculations},
   notes     = {First report of Monte Carlo ion chamber calculations},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo79,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Perturbation correction in the ionometric determination of absorbed dose in a graphite phantom}},
   journal   = {BIPM report 79/6},
   pages     = {10 pages},
   year      = {1979},
   notes     = {An early version of Bo83 with details of the calculation.},
   location  = {BIPM binder}
}

@article{Bo79a,
   author    = {J. B\"{o}hm and K.  Hohlfeld and H. Reich},
   title     = {{A primary standard for the determination of absorbed dose
       in a phantom for X-rays generated at potentials of 7.5 to 30 kV}},
   journal   = {PTB-Mitt},
   pages     = {163 -- 172},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 89
}

@article{Bo80,
   author    = {J.  B\"{o}hm},
   title     = {{The perturbation correction factor of ionisation
       chambers in $\beta$-radiation fields}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {65 -- 75},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {PTB},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo82,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag},
   title     = {{ The recombination correction for an ionisation chamber
       exposed to pulsed radiation in a 'swept beam' technique. I. Theory}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {201 -- 211},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {saturation},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder \pdf/Bo82.pdf}
}

@article{Bo83,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Perturbation correction for the ionometric determination of absorbed dose in a graphite phantom for $^{60}$Co gamma rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {375 -- 388},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {gradient correction},
   location  = {BIPM binder}
}

@article{Bo85,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ $\bar{g}$ values from Berger and Seltzer tables (1982)}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(I)/85-18, 1 page},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {g values for photon energies},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo87a,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag},
   title     = {{ Ionization Chambers}},
   journal   = {in ``The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation'', Eds. K. R. Kase,
       B. E. Bj\"{a}rngard and F. H. Attix, (Academic Press), Vol II},
   pages     = {169 -- 244},
   year      = {1987},
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bo88,
  title={{The three parameter equivalent spectra as an index of beam quality}},
  author={J. M. Boone},
  journal=\mp,
  volume={15},
  pages={304--310},
  year={1988}
}

@article{Bo89,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Gap correction for the calorimetric measurement of absorbed
       dose in graphite with a $^{60}$Co beam}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1809 -- 1821},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {BIPM},
   location  = {DR's BIPM binder, see errata PMB 36(1991)566}
}

@article{Bo90,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Revision of the results of international comparisons of
       absorbed dose in graphite in a $^{60}$Co beam}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--90/4},
   year      = {1990},
   notes     = {Took into account gap effects and other corrections. See Bo89},
   location  = {Dave's BIPM binder}
}

@article{Bo90a,
   author    = {J. M.  Boone},
   title     = {{ X-ray spectral reconstruction from attenuation data using
       neural networks}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {647 -- 654},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Bo90b,
  author={T. Bortfeld and J. Bürkelbach and R. Boesecke and W. Schlegel},
  title={{Methods of image reconstruction from projections applied to conformation radiotherapy}},
  journal={Physics in Medicine and Biology},
  volume={35},
  number={10},
  pages={1423},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/35/i=10/a=007},
  year={1990},
}

@article{Bo94,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon and B. M.  Coursey and K.  Hohlfeld and B.  Owen and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Comparison of primary water absorbed dose standards}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/48, in Proceedings of Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {95 -- 111},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRS94},
   notes     = {Presents a summary of a series of comparisons of  absorbed dose to water standards at NRC, NIST, PTB, NPL and BIPM.},
   location  = {TG--51 standards binder}
}

@article{Bo95,
   author    = {G.  Bortels and C.  Hurtgen and D.  Santry},
   title     = {{Nuclide analysis on low-statistics alpha-particle spectra}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.},
   pages     = {1135 -- 1144},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {IRS95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo96,
   author    = {J. W.  Boag and E. Hochh\"{a}user and O. A. Balk},
   title     = {{ The effect of free-electron collection on the
       recombination correction to ionization measurements of pulsed radiation}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {885 -- 897},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {saturation},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Bo96a,
   author    = {J.  Borg},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Calculations and Measurements of Spectra
       from a C-14 Source}},
   journal   = {Risoe Report Risoe-R-893(EN)},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo96b,
   author    = {J.  Borg},
   title     = {{ Dose Rates from a C-14 Source using Extrapolation Chamber and MC Calculations}},
   journal   = {Risoe Report Risoe-R-894(EN)},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo96c,
   author    = {J.  Borg},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of Low-Energy Beta Radiation}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, Risoe Report Risoe-R-907(EN) (Risoe National Laboratory, Department of Nuclear Safety Research and Nuclear Facilities, 1996)},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo97,
  title={{Molybdenum, rhodium, and tungsten anode spectral models using interpolating polynomials with application to mammography}},
  author={ J. M. Boone and T. R. Fewell and R. J. Jennings},
  journal= \mp,
  volume={24},
  pages={1863},
  year={1997}
}

@article{Bo98,
   author    = {J. Borg and J. P. Seuntjens and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculations of fluence spectra in air for
       several $^{192}$Ir source configurations}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {177 -- 179},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSe98 NIHkQp EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo98a,
   author    = {J. Borg and J. P. Seuntjens and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculations of fluence spectra in air for
       several $^{192}$Ir source configurations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1084 (abstract)},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {IRSa98 NIHkQa EGS4a},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo99,
   author    = {M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{  About the determination of the wall correction in cavity
       chambers}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report CCRI(I)/99 -- 3},
   pages     = {10 pages},
   year      = {1999},
   location  = {Dave's CCRI99 binder and 60Co standards binder}
}

@article{Bo99a,
   author    = {J. Borg and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. P.
       Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo study of correction factors for Spencer-Attix
       cavity theory at photon energies at or above 100 keV}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1804 -- 1813},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {IRS00 EGSnrcj EGS4j NIHkQj pirs702 pirs701 egsI egs_II ik_misc},
   location  = {\pdf/Bo99a.pdf}
}

@article{Bo99b,
   author    = {J.  Borg and J. P.  Seuntjens and I. Kawrakow and
       D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo study of cavity theory at low energies}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1426},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {IRSa99 NIHkQa EGSnrca EGS4a},
   notes     = {Abstract of COMP presentation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bo99c,
   author    = {J.  Borg and J. P.  Seuntjens and I. Kawrakow and
       D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo study of cavity theory at low energies}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1999 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {123 -- 125},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRSe99 NIHkQp EGSnrcp EGS4p},
   location  = {\pdf/Bo99c.pdf }
}

@article{Bo99d,
   author    = {J. Borg and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. P.
       Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Ion chamber responses in low- and medium-energy photon
       radiation fields}},
   journal   = {in preparation},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {NIHkQj},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Br00,
   author    = {C. Bramoulle and F. Husson and J. P. Manens},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo (PENELOPE code) study of the x-ray beams from SL
Linacs (Elekta)}},
   journal   = \pm,
   pages     = {107 -- 115},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{briesmeister1993mgm,
  title={{MCNP4B—A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code
}},
  author={Briesmeister, JF},
  journal={Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-12625-M New Mexico},
  year={1993}
}

@article{Br00a,
   author    = {J. F. {Briesmeister~(Editor)}},
   title     = {{ MCNP---A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code,
version 4C}},
   journal   = {Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-13709-M (Los Alamos, NM)},
   year      = {2000},
   keywords  = {MCNP}
}

@article{Br03,
   author    = {F. B. {Brown~(Editor)}},
   title     = {{ MCNP---A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code Version 5}},
   journal   = {Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-UR-03-1987 (Los
             Alamos, NM)},
   year      = {2003},
   keywords  = {MCNP}
}

@article{Br71,
   author    = {A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Multiple scattering of relativistic electrons in air}},
   journal   = {TRITA-EPP 71-22,Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden},
   year      = {1971},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering  mass scattering power measurements},
   location  = {DR's T/rho binder}
}

@article{Br72,
   author    = {A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ On the optimal choice of scattering foils for electron therapy}},
   journal   = {TRITA-EPP 72-17, Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden},
   year      = {1972},
   keywords  = {electron scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Br75,
   author    = {A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Simple Relations for the penetration of high energy electron beams in matter}},
   journal   = {SSI: 1975-011, Dep. Radiation Physics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden},
   year      = {1975},
   keywords  = {electron beam mass scattering power  paltlength correction},
   location  = {DR T/rho binder}
}

@article{Br80,
   author    = {A.  Brahme and T.  Kraepelien and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Electron and photon beams from a 50 MeV racetrack microtron}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiologica Oncology},
   pages     = {305 -- 319},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 19
}

@article{Br82,
  author={A. Brahme and J. -E. Roos and I. Lax},
  title={Solution of an integral equation encountered in rotation therapy},
  journal={Physics in Medicine and Biology},
  volume={27},
  number={10},
  pages={1221},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/27/i=10/a=002},
  year={1982},
}

@article{Br83a,
   author    = {I. A. D.  Bruinvis and A.  {van Amstel} and A. J.  Elevelt and R.
       {van~der~Laarse}},
   title     = {{Calculation of electron beam dose distributions for
       arbitrarily shaped fields}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {667},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {electron beam dose calculation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Br84,
   author    = {J.  Brownridge and S.  Samnick and P.  Stiles and P.  Tipton and J.  Veselka and N.  Yeh},
   title     = {{ Determination of the photon spectrum of a clinical accelerator}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {794 -- 796},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {compton scatter, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Br84a,
   author    = {Brahme, A.},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric Precision Requirements in Radiation Therapy}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Oncol.},
   pages     = {379--391},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = {23},
   abstract  = {Reviews the accuracy required in the dose delivered to
       the tumor}
}

@article{Br85a,
   author    = {I. A. D.  Bruinvis and S.  Heukelom and B. J.  Mijnheer},
   title     = {{ Comparison of ionization measurements in water and polystyrene for electron beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1043 -- 1053},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms},
   notes     = {Careful experimental measurements and summary of previous measurements on plastic phantom dose vs water dose.  Basis of IAEA code's data.},
   location  = {DRs plastic phantom binder}
}

@article{Br86d,
   author    = {J. Briesmeister},
   title     = {{ MCNP---A general purpose Monte Carlo code for neutron and photon transport, Version 3A}},
   journal   = {Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-7396-M (Los Alamos, NM)},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {MCNP}
}

@article{Br88b,
   author    = {A.  Brahme and  J. Chavaudra and T.  Landberg and E. C.
       McCullough and F. N\"{u}sslin and J. A. Rawlinson and G. Svensson and
       H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{Accuracy Requirements and Quality Assurance of External Beam
       Therapy with Photons and Electrons}},
   journal   = {Acta Oncologica, Suppl 1},
   pages     = {1 -- 76},
   year      = {1988}
}

@article{Br89b,
   author    = {I. A. D.  Bruinvis and W. A. F.  Mathol and P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ Inclusion of electron range straggling in the Fermi-Eyges multiple-scattering theory}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {491 -- 507},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Br92b,
   author    = {R.  Brun and O.  Couet and C.  Vandoni and P.  Zanarini},
   title     = {{ PAW User Guide}},
   journal   = {CERN Computer Center, Geneva, Switzerland},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {paw},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Br93a,
   author    = {J. F. Briesmeister~(Editor)},
   title     = {{ MCNP---A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code,
version 4A}},
   journal   = {Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-12625-M (Los Alamos, NM)},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {MCNP}
}

@article{Br97,
   author    = {J. F. Briesmeister~(Editor)},
   title     = {{ MCNP---A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code,
version 4B}},
   journal   = {Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-13181-M (Los Alamos, NM)},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {MCNP}
}

@article{Bu01,
   author    = {L.  B\"{u}ermann and H. M.  Kramer and I. Csete},
   title     = {{ Results supporting calculated wall correction factors
       for cavity chambers}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)01--18 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {air kerma rate Kwall},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu01a,
   author    = {D. T. Burns},
   title     = {{ Free-air chamber correction factors for electron loss,
                  photon scatter, fluorescent and bremsstrahlung}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)01--36 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {FAC, egsnrc},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Bu02,
   author    = {D. T.  Burns and L. Bueermann and H. M. Kramer and B. Lange},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the air-kerma standards of the PTB and the
       BIPM in the medium-energy x-ray range}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--02/07},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords = {EGSnrcj},
   location  = {Daves binder comparisons, and on-line at
       http://www.bipm.org/enus/5_Scientific/f_ionizing/publication.shtml}
}

@article{Bu02a,
   author    = {D. T.  Burns and K. R. Shortt and L. {Van~der~Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the air-kerma standards of the NRC and the
       BIPM in the medium-energy x-ray range}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--02/15},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSr02},
   location  = {Daves binder comparisons, \pdf/Bu02a.pdf}
}

@article{Bu03,
   author    = {L.  B\"{u}ermann and H. M.  Kramer and I. Csete},
   title     = {{ Results supporting calculated wall correction factors
       for cavity chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3581 -- 3594},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {air kerma rate  Kwall Aug 15 2002 e-mail  EGSnrcj EGS4j pirs701 pirs702 ik_misc },
   location  = {\pdf/Bu03.pdf Kwall binder EGSnrc binder}
}

@article{Bu03a,
   author    = {L. A. Buckley and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ An EGSnrc investigation of cavity theory for ion chambers
       measuring air kerma}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1211 -- 1218},
   year      = 2003,
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {IRS03, EGSnrcj EGS4j egsI pirs701 egs_II pirs702 ik_misc2 xvmcv },
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   location  = {\pdf/Bu03a.pdf}
}

@article{Bu04,
   author    = {L. A. Buckley and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ CSnrc: correlated sampling Monte Carlo calculations using
                EGSnrc}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {3425 -- 3435},
   year      = 2004,
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {IRS04, EGSnrcj EGS4j xvmcv egsI pirs701 egs_II pirs702 ik_misci4 },
   location  = {\pdf/Bu04.pdf}
}

@conference{Bu40,
  title={{The inner shell ionization of atoms by electron impact}},
  author={Burhop, EHS and Massey, HSW},
  booktitle={Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society},
  volume={36},
  pages={43--52},
  issn={0305-0041},
  year={1940},
  organization={Cambridge Univ Press}
}

@article{Bu58,
   author    = {J. E. Burns},
   title     = {{Conversion of depth doses from one F. S. D. to another}},
   journal   = \BJR,
   pages     = {643},
   year      = {1958},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {\%dd SSD},
   location  = {PDD TPR binder}
}

@article{Bu59,
   author    = {T. E.  Burlin},
   title     = {{ The measurement of exposure dose for high energy radiation with cavity ionization chambers}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {197 -- 206},
   year      = {1959},
   volume    = 3,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu67,
   author    = {H.  Burfeindt},
   title     = {{ Monte-Carlo-Rechnung f\"ur 3 GeV-Schauer in Blei}},
   journal   = {Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Report Number DESY-67/24},
   year      = {1967},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu87,
   author    = {J. E.  Burns and J. W. G.  Dale and A. R.  DuSautoy and
       B.  Owen and D. H.  Pritchard},
   title     = {{ New calibration service for high-energy x-radiation at NPL}},
   journal   = {in ``Dosim.  in Radioth.'' Vol II, (IAEA,Vienna)},
   pages     = {125 -- 132},
   year      = {1987},
   location  = {DR has proceedings}
}

@article{Bu92,
   author    = {J. E. Burns and D. H. Pritchard and R. T. Knight},
   title     = {{Peak scatter factors for $^{60}$Co gamma-radiation}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2309 -- 2318},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {PSF SSD},
   location  = {PDD TPR binder \pdf}
}

@article{Bu94,
   author    = {D. T.  Burns and M. R.  McEwen and A. J.  Williams},
   title     = {{ An NPL absorbed dose calibration service for electron beam
       radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/34, in Proceedings of Symposium on Measurement
       Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {61 -- 71},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu94a,
   author    = {J. E.  Burns},
   title     = {{Absorbed dose calibrations in high- energy photon beams at
       the National Physical Laboratory: Conversion Procedure}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1555 -- 1575},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39},
   keywords  = {NPL absorbed dose standard},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu94b,
   author    = {L.  B\"{u}ermann and H.-M.  Kramer and H.  Schrader and H.-J.
       Selbach},
   title     = {{ Activity determination of $^{192}$Ir solid sources by
       ionization chamber measurements using calculated corrections for
       self-absorption}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {369 -- 376},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {A339},
   keywords  = {air kerma rate, brachytherapy sources},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu95,
   author    = {Burns et al.},
   title     = {{ \typeout{*********Use Bu96, not Bu95*********}  }},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {1996},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Bu95a,
   author    = {Burns, D. T. and Duane, S. and McEwen, M. R.},
   title     = {{ A New Method to Determine Ratios of Electron Stopping Powers
       to an Improved Accuracy}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {733--739},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {40},
   abstract  = {Proposes using the measured electron range to get an improved
       estimate of the electron stopping power}
}

@article{Bu96,
   author    = {D. T.  Burns and G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ R$_{50}$ as a beam quality specifier for selecting
       stopping-power ratios and reference depths for electron dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {383 -- 388},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {23},
   keywords  = {IRS96 NPL OMEGAj EGS4j TG--51 beam quality specification},
   notes     = {Shows that the selection of a reference depth based on
       R$_{50}$ leads to a universal curve for stopping-power ratios as a
       function of R$_{50}$, thereby simplifying electron beam reference
       dosimetry. },
   location  = {\pdf/Bu96.pdf}
}

@article{Bu96a,
   author    = {J. E. Burns},
   title     = {{Conversion of PDD for photons beams from one SSD to another
       and calculation of TAR, TMR and TPR}},
   journal   = {Brit. J. Radiol., Suppl},
   pages     = {153 -- 157},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {\%dd SSD},
   location  = {PDD TPR binder}
}

@article{Bu99,
   author    = {F. M. Buffa and A. E. Nahum and C. Mubata},
   title     = {{Influence of statistical fluctuations in Monte Carlo dose
       calculations on radiobiological modelling and dose
       volume histograms}},
   journal   = {\mp (abs)},
   pages     = {1120},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = {26}
}

@article{Bu99a,
   author    = {D. T. Burns},
   title     = {{ Consistent set of calculated values for electron-loss
                  and photon-scatter corrections for parallel-plate
                  free-air chambers}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)99--04 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {FAC},
   location  = {\pdf/RS99.pdf}
}

@article{CA35,
   author    = {A. H.  Compton and S. K.  Allison},
   title     = {{ X-rays in Theory and experiment}},
   journal   = {(D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc, New York)},
   year      = {1935},
   keywords  = {Incoherent scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{CB04,
   author    = {A. P. Colijn and F. J. Beekman},
   title     = {{Accelerated Simulation of Cone Beam X-Ray Scatter Projections}},
   journal   = \ieetmi,
   pages     = {584 -- 590},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {CBCT, scatter, MOnte Carlo},
   location  = {xrays_cbct/docs folder}
}

@article{CB84,
   author    = {T. J.  Conere and J. W.  Boag},
   title     = {{ The collection efficiency of an ionization chamber in a pulsed and magnetically swept electron beam: Limits of validity of the two-voltage technique}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {465 -- 468},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {recombination saturation},
   notes     = {Points out limits of applicability of Boag eqns and that voltage
       ratio should be greater than 2.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{CB95,
   author    = {M. J.  Corsten and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Determination of point-source non-uniformity correction factors for cylindrical ion chambers in the vicinity of brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {672 -- 673},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95}
}

@article{CB95a,
   author    = {M. J.  Corsten and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Determination of point-source non-uniformity correction factors for cylindrical ion chambers in the vicinity of brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {In ``Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists Conference Proceedings " (Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists Secretariat, Edmonton, Canada)},
   pages     = {119 -- 120},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSe95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{CB95b,
   author    = {J. R.  Cunningham and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{Calculation of dose distributions for x ray radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {Physics in Canada},
   pages     = {190 -- 195},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {review of dose calculation algorithms},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{CC75,
   author    = {L. L.  Carter and E. D.  Cashwell},
   title     = {{ Particle transport simulation with the Monte Carlo method}},
   journal   = {Report TID-26607, National Technical Information Service, U. S. Depratment of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia},
   year      = {1975},
   location  = { }
}

@article{CC95,
   author    = {R.  Carrier and D.  Cormack},
   title     = {{ Historical Overview}},
   journal   = {Phys. in Can.},
   pages     = {162 -- 168},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 54,
   location  = { }
}

@article{CE59,
   author    = {E. D.  Cashwell and C. J.  Everett},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Method for random walk problems}},
   journal   = {(Pergamon Press, New York)},
   year      = {1959},
   location  = {QC174.5 C33 at CISTI-contents/source routine chapter in DRs binder}
}

@article{CF83,
   author    = {W. G.  Cross and H.  Ing and N.  Freedman},
   title     = {{ A short atlas of beta-ray spectra}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1251 -- 1260},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {beta ray},
   location  = {DR beta file}
}

@article{CF92,
   author    = {S.  Croft and D. J. S.  Findlay},
   title     = {{ Experimental test of an analytic expression for bremsstrahlung spectra developed for appications purposes}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {374 -- 378},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {B66},
   keywords  = {Schiff  photoactivation},
   location  = {DR binder on bremsstrahlung analytic calculation}
}

@article{CJ05,
   author    = {R. Capote and R. Jeraj and C.-M. Ma and D.W.O. Rogers and
       F. Sanchez-Doblado and J. Sempau and J. Seuntjens and J.V. Siebers},
   title     = {{ Phase-Space Database for External Beam Radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {IAEA Report INDC(NDS)-0484},
   year      = {2005},
   keywords  = {IAEA, phase space},
   notes     = {Details of IAEA phase space file format},
   location  = {www-nds.iaea.org/phsp/documents/indc-nds-0484.pdf}
}

@article{CJ54,
   author    = {D. V.  Cormack and H. E.  Johns},
   title     = {{ The measurement of high-energy radiation intensity}},
   journal   = {Radn Research},
   pages     = {133 -- 157},
   year      = {1954},
   volume    = 1,
   keywords  = {cavity theory ion chambers extrapolation},
   location  = {\pdf/CJ54.pdf}
}

@article{CL02,
   author    = {O. Chibani and X. A.  Li},
   title     = {{  Monte Carlo dose calculations in homogeneous media
       and at interfaces: A comparison between GEPTS, EGSnrc,
       MCNP, and measurements}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {835 -- 847},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j pirs701 ik_misc egsI },
   location  = {EGSnrc binder}
}

@article{CL03,
    author = {Omar Chibani and X. Allen Li},
    title = {IVBTMC, A Monte Carlo dose calculation tool for intravascular brachytherapy},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    number = {1},
    pages = {44--51},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 ik_misc2 },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/44/1}
}

@article{CM03,
    author = {Omar Chibani and Chang-Ming Charlie Ma},
    title  = {{Photonuclear dose calculations for high-energy photon
              beams from Siemens and Varian linacs}},
    year   = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {32},
    pages = {1990--2000},
    notes = {Calculation of proton/neutron/etc. dose using MCNPX}
}

@article{CN87,
   author    = {R. F.  Cowan and W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ Producing EGS4 shower displays with the Unified Graphics System}},
   journal   = {Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report SLAC-TN-87-3 (Stanford Calif)},
   year      = {1987},
   keywords  = {SHOWGRAF Manual EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{CR94,
   author    = {J.  Cygler and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculations of tungsten mesh electron beam modifier}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {677},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{CS02,
   author    = {A. V. Chvetsov and G. A. Sandison},
   title     = {{Reconstruction of electron spectra using singular component
       decomposition}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {578--591},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {BEAM EGS4j OMEGAj xvmcI },
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{CS80,
   author    = {J. R.  Cunningham and M. R.  Sontag},
   title     = {{ Displacement Corrections Used in Absorbed Dose Determinations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {672 -- 676},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 7,
   notes     = {Calculations used as TG 21 basis for P$_{\rm repl}$.  Actually
                written in a different formalism and difficult to extract
                quantites of interest.},
   location  = {TG--51 Prepl binder TPR binder}
}

@article{CS84,
   author    = {J. R.  Cunningham and R. J.  Schulz},
   title     = {{ On the selection of stopping-power and mass-energy absorption coefficient ratios for high energy x-ray dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {618 -- 623},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11 ,
   location  = {TG--51 data base}
}

@article{Ca04,
    author = {J.-F. Carrier and L. Archambault and L. Beaulieu and R. Roy},
    title = {{Validation of GEANT4, an object-oriented Monte Carlo toolkit, for simulations in medical physics}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2004},
    journal = {Medical Physics},
    volume = {31},
    number = {3},
    pages = {484-492},
    keywords = { GEANT4 egsI  },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/484/1}
}

@article{Ca04a,
   author    = {P. Carrasco and N. Jornet and M. A. Duch and L. Weber and
M. Ginjaume and T. Eudaldo and D. Jurdao and A. Ruiz et al., },
   title     = {{ Comparison of dose calculation algorithms in phantoms
with lung equivalent heterogeneities under conditions of lateral electronic
disequilibrium}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2899 -- 2991},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ca04.pdf}
}

@article{Ca05,
author = {J Carrier and F. {Therriault-Proulx} and R Roy and L Beaulieu},
title = {{Clinical impact of seed density and prstate elemental composition
on permanent seed implant dosimetry}},
year = {2005},
journal   = {Proc. of 2005 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
pages = {147 -- 149},
keywords = {GEANT4},
location = {dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{Ca82,
   author    = {E. Casnati and A. Tartari and C. Baraldi},
   title     = {{An empirical approach to K-shell ionisation cross section by electrons}},
   journal   = \jpb,
   pages     = {155 -- 167},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {EII, K-shell},
   notes     = {based on a fit of measured K-shell EII cross sections},
   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: casnati_jbv15i1p155.pdf}
}

@article{Ca83,
   author    = {E. Casnati and A. Tartari and C. Baraldi},
   title     = {{An empirical approach to K-shell ionisation cross section by electrons}},
   journal   = \jpb,
   pages     = {505},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {EII, K-shell},
   notes     = {Typo correction, based on a fit of measured K-shell EII cross sections},
   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: casnati_jbv15i1p155.pdf}
}

@article{Ca88,
  title={{L-subshell-ionization cross sections of tungsten by electron impact near the threshold region}},
  author={Carvalho, ML and Ferreira, JG and Salgueiro, L.},
  journal={Physical Review A},
  volume={37},
  number={1},
  pages={106--110},
  issn={1094-1622},
  year={1988},
  publisher={APS}
}

@article{Ca95,
   author    = {A.  Catala and P.  Francois and J.  Bonnet and Ch. Scouamec},
   title     = {{ Reconstruction of 12 MV bremsstrahlung spectra from measured transmission data by direct resolution of the numeric system AF = T}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {3 -- 10},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {TG--105, transmission spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = {The detector response used is incorrect but the rest of paper is very interesting.},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder, TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ca95.pdf}
}

@article{Ch00,
   author    = {S. H. Cho and J. R. Lowenstein and P. A. Balter and N. H.
       Wells and W. F. Hanson},
   title     = {{ Comparison between TG--51 and TG--21: Calibration of photon
       and electron beams in water using cylindrical chambers}},
   journal   = \jacmp,
   pages     = {108 -- 115},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 1,
   keywords  = {RPC},
   location  = {Dave's binder of papers about TG--51}
}

@article{Ch00a,
   author    = {I. J. Chetty and J . J. DeMarco and T. D. Solberg},
   title     = {{A virtual source model for Monte Carlo modeling of arbitrary intensity
distributions}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {166 -- 172},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ch00a.pdf}
}

@article{Ch00b,
   author    = {I. J. Chetty and J. J. DeMarco and T. D. Solberg and A. R.
Arellano and R. Fogg and A. V. Mesa},
   title     = {{A phase space model for simulating arbitrary intensity
distributions for shaped radiosurgery beams using the Monte Carlo method}},
   journal   = \rs,
   pages     = {41 -- 52},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {3},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ch02,
   author    = {G. Christ and O. S. Dohm and G. Bruggmoser  and E.  Sch\"{u}le},
   title     = {{The use of plane-parallel chambers in electron dosimetry
       without any cross-calibration}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {N121 -- N126},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {TG--51 TRS--398},
   location  = {Dave's papers about TG--51 binder}
}

@article{Ch02a,
    author = {Omar Chibani},
    title = {{Energy-loss straggling algorithms for Monte Carlo electron transport}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
   year      = {2002},
    journal = \mp,
   volume    = {29},
    number = {10},
    pages = {2374--2383},
    keywords = { pirs701 GEPTS },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/29/2374/1}
}

@article{Ch02b,
   author    = {I. J. Chetty and P. M. Charland and N. Tyagi and D. McShan
               and B. A. Fraass and A. F. Bielajew},
   title     = {{Experimental validation of the DPM Monte Carlo code for
photon beam dose calculations in inhomogeneous media}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1351(abstract)},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {29},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ch03,
   author    = {J. C. Chow and E. Wong and J. Z. Chen and J. {van~Dyk}},
   title     = {{Comparison of dose calculation algorithms with Monte Carlo
       methods for photon arcs}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2686 -- 2694},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j ik_misc2 xvmcv },
   location  = {BEAM binder 2003}
}

@article{Ch03a,
   author    = {P. W. Chin and E. Spezi and D. G. Lewis},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of portal dosimetry on a
       rectilinear voxel geometry: a variable gantry angle solution}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {N231 -- N238},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 48,
   notes     = {Describes a MATLAB script to rotate the CT phantom data to
       allow for the case of portal imager not parallel to original
       phantom},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j EGSnrcj egsI},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Ch03b,
   author    = {I. J. Chetty and P. M. Charland and N. Tyagi and D. McShan
               and B. A. Fraass},
   title     = {{Photon beam relative dose validation of the DPM Monte
                Carlo code in lung-equivalent media}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {563 -- 573},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {30},
   keywords  = { OMEGAj EGSnrcj xvmcI egsI ik_misc },
   location  = {TG105 binder}
}

@article{Ch03c,
    author = {A. Chaves and M. C. Lopes and C. C. Alves and C. Oliveira and L. Peralta and P. Rodrigues and A. Trindade},
    title = {{Basic dosimetry of radiosurgery narrow beams using Monte Carlo simulations: A detailed study of depth of maximum dose}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    number = {11},
    pages = {2904--2911},
    keywords = { pirs701 xvmcI },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/2904/1}
}

@article{Ch03d,
   author    = {P. M. Charland and I. J. Chetty and S. Yokoyama and B. A. Fraass},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric comparison of extended dose range film with
ionization measurements in water and lung equivalent heterogeneous media
exposed to megavoltage photons }},
   journal   = \jacmp,
   pages     = {25 -- 39},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ch03c.pdf}
}

@article{Ch04,
    author = {A. Chaves and M. C. Lopes and C. C. Alves and C. Oliveira and L. Peralta and P. Rodrigues and A. Trindade},
    title = {{A Monte Carlo multiple source model applied to radiosurgery narrow photon beams}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
  year={2004},
   journal   = \mp,
    volume = {31},
    number = {8},
   pages     = {2192 -- 2204},
    keywords = { pirs701 },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/2192/1}
}

@article{Ch04a,
  author={G Christ and O S Dohm and E Sch\"{u}le and S Gaupp and M Martin},
  title={{Air density correction in ionization dosimetry}},
  journal= \pmb,
  volume={49},
  number={10},
  pages={2029 -- 2039},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/49/2029},
  year={2004},
  keywords = {TG--51, Ptp, Kh},
  location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Ch04b,
   author    = {P. M. Charland and I. J. Chetty and L. D. Paniak and B. P.
Bednarz and B. A. Fraass},
   title     = {{ Enhanced spectral discrimination through the exploitation
of interface effects in photon dose data}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {264 -- 276},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ch04b.pdf}
}

@article{Ch05,
author = {S. H. Cho and O. N. Vassiliev and S. Lee and H. H. Liu and
          G. S.  Ibbott and R. Mohan},
title = {{Reference photon dosimetry data and reference phase space data
          for the 6 MV photon beam from Varian Clinac 2100 series
          linear accelerators}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {137 -- 148},
keywords = {dosimetry; linear accelerators; Monte Carlo methods;
            quality assurance, OMEGAj EGSnrcj, EGS4j, ik_misc},
location = {\pdf/Ch05.pdf},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/137/1}
}

@article{Ch05a,
author = {O. Chibani and J. F. Williamson and D. Todor},
title = {{Dosimetric effects of seed anisotropy and interseed attenuation
for $^{103}$Pd and $^{125}$I prostate implants}},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
pages = {2557 -- 2566},
keywords = {dosimetry; biological organs; palladium; iodine; Monte Carlo methods; prosthetics},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2557/1},
location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Ch05b,
   author    = {I. J. Chetty and M. Rosu and D. L. McShan and B. A. Fraass
                and R. K. Ten Haken},
   title     = {{The influence of beam model differences in the comparison
           of dose calculation algorithms for lung cancer treatment planning}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {801 -- 815},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = {50},
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ch05b.pdf}
}

@article{Ch05c,
   author    = {I. J. Chetty},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Treatment Planning: The influence of
"variance reduction" techniques (ECUT, PCUT, ESTEP) on the accuracy and
speed of dose calculations }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2018(abstract)},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 32,
   keywords  = {AAPM 2005 proceedings},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ch05c_AAPM_2005_proceedings.pdf}
}

@article{Ch05d,
   author    = {{I. J. Chetty {\em et al}}},
   title     = {{ Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte
Carlo-based treatment planning: Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105 (under review)}},
   year      = {2005},
  journal    = \mp,
   keywords  = {TG-105 EGSnrcj OMEGAj},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ch05e,
author = {Alexei V. Chvetsov},
title = {{L-curve analysis of radiotherapy optimization problems}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {32},
number = {8},
pages = {2598--2605},
keywords = {optimisation EGSnrcj pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2598/1}
}

@article{Ch05f,
author = {C.-W. Cheng and R. Mitra and X. Allen Li and Indra J. Das},
title = {{Dose perturbations due to contrast medium and air in MammoSite[sup [registered sign]] treatment: An experimental and Monte Carlo study}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {32},
number = {7},
pages = {2279--2287},
keywords = {brachytherapy EGSnrcj egsI },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2279/1}
}

@article{Ch05g,
author = {Alexei V. Chvetsov and Daniela Calvetti and Jason W. Sohn and Timothy J. Kinsella},
title = {{Regularization of inverse planning for intensity-modulated radiotherapy}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {501--514},
keywords = { EGSnrcj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/501/1}
}

@article{Ch05h,
author = {Sang Hyun Cho and Oleg N. Vassiliev and Seungsoo Lee and H. Helen Liu and Geoffrey S. Ibbott and Radhe Mohan},
title = {{Reference photon dosimetry data and reference phase space data for the 6 MV photon beam from Varian Clinac 2100 series linear accelerators}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {137--148},
keywords = { OMEGAj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/137/1}
}

@article{Ch07,
   author    = {{I. J. Chetty {\em et al}}},
   title     = {{ Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte
Carlo-based treatment planning}},
   year      = {2007},
  journal    = \mp,
  volume     = 34,
   pages     = {4818--4853},
   keywords  = {TG-105 EGSnrcj OMEGAj},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ch07a,
author = {Indrin J. Chetty and Bruce Curran and Joanna E. Cygler and John J. DeMarco and Gary Ezzell and Bruce A. Faddegon and Iwan Kawrakow and Paul J. Keall and Helen Liu and C.-M. Charlie Ma and D. W. O. Rogers and Jan Seuntjens and Daryoush Sheikh-Bagheri and Jeffrey V. Siebers},
title = {Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2007},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {34},
number = {12},
pages = {4818-4853},
keywords = {biological tissues; dosimetry; Monte Carlo methods; radiation therapy},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/4818/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.2795842}
}

@article{Ch78,
   author    = {A. B.  Chilton},
   title     = {{ A Note on the Fluence Concept}},
   journal   = {Health Phys.},
   pages     = {715 -- 716},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 34,
   notes     = {Proves theorem relating fluence to pathlength per unit volume.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ch79,
   author    = {A. B.  Chilton},
   title     = {{ Further Comments on an Alternative Definition of Fluence}},
   journal   = {Health Phys.},
   pages     = {637 -- 638},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 35,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ch79a,
  title={{L-subshell ionization cross sections for tungsten at low electron energies}},
  author={Chang, C.N.},
  journal={Physical Review A},
  volume={19},
  number={5},
  pages={1930--1935},
  issn={1094-1622},
  year={1979},
  publisher={APS}
}

@article{Ch93,
   author    = {B.  Chauvenet and F.  Delaunay and J. P.  Simoen},
   title     = {{ A New Approach for Establishing a Primary Standard of
       Kerma in Air, in a $^{60}$Co Gamma-Ray Beam}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry (IAEA, Vienna)},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {graphite calorimeter},
   location  = {DR's file on IAEA}
}

@article{Ch94,
   author    = {B.  Chauvenet and F.  Delaunay and J. P.  Simoen},
   title     = {{ New approach for establishing a primary standard of Kerma in air, in a $^{60}$Co gamma ray beam}},
   journal   = {in ``International symposium on the measurement assurance in dosimetry'' (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {83 -- 91},
   year      = {1994},
   notes     = {Uses graphite calorimeter with a cavity chamber to establish air kerma directly without external W/e.s.},
   location  = {DR has proceedings}
}

@article{Ch94a,
   author    = {E. L.  Chaney and T. J.  Cullip and T. A.  Gabriel},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo study of accelerator head scatter}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1383 -- 1390},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ch94a.pdf}
}

@article{Ch95,
   author    = {G. Christ and J. Major and F. N\"{u}sslin},
   title     = {{ Does the photon beam quality factor depend on the type of
       ionization chamber?}},
   journal   = \green,
   pages     = {153 -- 155},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {TPR},
   location  = {Dave's beam quality specification binder}
}

@article{Ch96,
   author    = {J. L.  Chartier and B.  Grosswendt and G. F.  Gualdrini and H.  Hirayama and C.-M.  Ma and F.  Padoani and N.  Petoussi and S. M.  Seltzer and M.  Terrissol},
   title     = {{ Reference fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion coefficients
       and angular-dependence factors for 4-element ICRU tissue, water
       and PMMA slab phantoms irradiated by broad electron beams}},
   journal   = {Radiation Protection Dosimetry},
   pages     = {7 -- 14},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 63,
   keywords  = {NRC EGS4j IRS96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ch96a,
   author    = {K.-S.  Chang and F.-F.  Yin and K.-W.  Nie},
   title     = {{ The effect of detector size to the broadening of the penumbra
       --a computer simulated study}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1407 -- 1411},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {convolution, detector size, ionization chamber, penumbra,
       response function},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder A1-6}
}

@article{Ch97,
   author    = {B. Chauvenet and D. Baltes and F. Delaunay},
   title     = {{Comparison of graphite-to-water absorbed-dose transfers
       for $^{60}$Co photon beams using ionometry and Fricke dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {2053 -- 2063},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 42,
   location  = {Dave's LNHB binder \pdf/Ch97.pdf}
}

@article{Ch98,
   author    = {P.  Charland and E.  El-Khatib and J.  Wolters},
   title     = {{ The use of deconvolution and total least squares in
       recovering a radiation detector line spread function}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {152 -- 160},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {deconvolution, small photon field dosimetry, detector size},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder A1-2}
}

@article{Ci89,
   author    = {B.  Ciesielski and L. E.  Reinstein and L.  Wielopolski and A.  Meek},
   title     = {{ Dose enhancement in buildup region by lead, aluminum, and lucite absorbers for 15 MV photon beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {609 -- 613},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Co02,
   author    = {C. I. Costescu and J. F. Williamson and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{Blending the impulse approximation with rational improvements
       for the double differential Compton scattering cross section and
       with the incoherent scattering approximation}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   year      = {submitted Nov 2003},
   volume    = {A}
}

@article{Co03,
    author = {J. Coulot and M. Ricard and B. Aubert},
    title = {{Validation of the EGS user code dose3D for internal
        beta dose calculation at the cellular tissue level}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2003,
    volume = 48,
    pages = {2591 -- 2602},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 }
}

@article{Co05,
   author    = {J. Coleman and C. Joy and J. E. Park and P. Villarreal-Barajas
and P. L. Petti and B. Faddegon},
   title     = {{A comparison of Monte Carlo and Fermi-Eyges-Hogstrom
estimates of heart and lung dose from breast electron boost treatment }},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {621 -- 628},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 61,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Co05.pdf}
}

@article{Co73,
   author    = {H. M.  Colbert},
   title     = {{ SANDYL: A computer program for calculating combined photon-electron transport in complex systems}},
   journal   = {Sandia Laboratories, Livermore, Report Number SCL-DR-720109},
   year      = {1973},
   keywords  = {manual},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Co80,
   author    = {E.  Cottens and A.  Janssens and G.  Eggermont and R.  Jacobs},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose calorimetry with a graphite calorimeter and G--value determination for the Fricke dosimeter in high--energy electron beams.}},
   journal   = {In: Proceedings of an Int. Symp. on Biomedical Dosimetry. Paris, 1980.(Vienna: IAEA). IAEA-SM-249/39},
   pages     = {189 -- 221},
   year      = {1980},
   keywords  = {Fricke dosimetry, G-values, graphite calorimetry},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Co80a,
   author    = {E. Cottens},
   title     = {{Geabsorbeerde dosis kalorimetrie bij hoge energie
       elektronenbundels en onderzoek van de ijzersulfaat dosimeter¡}},
   journal   = {PhD. thesis, Rijksuniversiteit, Gent, Belgium},
   year      = {1980},
   keywords  = {Fricke}
}

@article{Co82,
   author    = {C. Constantinou and F. H. Attix and B. R. Paliwal},
   title     = {{A solid water phantom material for radiotherapy x--rays
       and $\gamma$--ray beam calibrations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {436 -- 441},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {RMS solid water  TG--51 plastic phantoms},
   location  = {spr binder}
}

@article{Co83,
   author    = {A. J.  Cook},
   title     = {{ Mortran3 user's guide}},
   journal   = {SLAC Computa. Res. Group Tech. Memo. No. CGTM 209},
   year      = {1983},
   keywords  = {EGS4r, Mortran EGSnrcr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Co86,
   author    = {T. J.  Conere},
   title     = {{ Some dosimetric discrepancies obtained using a guarded
       parallel-plate ion chamber with a high input impedance electrometer
       in measurements involving a pulsed and magnetically swept electron beam.}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1157 -- 1160},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {recombination},
   notes     = {Unexplained problems encountered by a real user.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Co92,
   author    = {M.  Conti and A.  {Del~Guerra} and D.  Mazzei and P.  Russo and W.  Bencivelli and E.  Bartolucci and A.  Messineo and V.  Rosso and A.  Stefanini and U.  Bottigli and P.  Randaccio and W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ Use of the EGS4 Monte Carlo code to evaluate the
       response of HgI$_2$ and CdTe detectors for photons in the
       diagnostic energy range}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {591 -- 595},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {A322},
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Co95,
   author    = {M. J. Corsten},
   title     = {{ Ionization chamber response for brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {MSc thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {point-source anisotropy EGS4r  IRSr95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Co97,
   author    = {L. J.  Cox  and A.  {Schach von Wittenau}  and P. M.
       Bergstrom and R. Mohan and B. Libby and Q. Wu and D. M. Lovelock},
   title     = {{Photon beam description in PEREGRINE for Monte Carlo Dose
       Calculations}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {142 -- 145},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {PEREGRINE OMEGAp EGS4p Monte Carlo linac simulation},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cr01,
   author   = {W. G. Cross and J. Hokkanen and H. J\"{a}rvinen and F. Mourtada
               and P. Silpil\"{a} and C. G. Soares and S. Vynckier},
   title    = {{Calculation of beta-ray dose distributions from ophthalmic
               applicators and comparison with measurements in a model eye}},
   journal  = \mp,
   pages = {1385 -- 1396},
   year     = {2001},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {28},
    number = {7},
    pages = {1385-1396},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/28/1385/1}
}

@article{Cr05,
    author = {G Cranmer-Sargison and S Zavgorodni},
    title = {{EUD-based radiotherapy treatment plan evaluation: incorporating physical and Monte Carlo statistical dose uncertainties}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {4097--4109},
    keywords = { ik_misc },
}

@article{Cr68,
author = {W. G.  Cross},
title = {{Variation of Beta Dose Attenuation in Different Media}},
   year = {1968},
   journal = \pmb,
   volume = {13},
   pages = {611 -- 618},
   keywords = { },
   location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Cr92,
   author    = {W. G.  Cross and N.  Freedman and P. Y.  Wong},
   title     = {{ Beta-ray dose distributions from point sources in an infinite water medium}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {160 -- 171},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 63,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo beta dose kernels},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cu65,
author = {J. R. Cunningham and H. E. Johns and S. K. Gupta},
title = {An examination of the definition and magnitude of back-scatter
factors for Cobalt 60 gamma rays},
year = {1965},
journal = \BJR,
volume = {38},
pages = {637 -- 638},
keywords = {TAR, },
notes = {Draws attention to the discrepancy between the ICRU defn of
backscatter factor(1963)=ratio of exposure in phantom vs in air and the
usual way of getting it from TAR which is ratio of dose in phantom to dose
in mini-phantom. Difference is attenuation and scatter in mini-phantom.
Recommend making backscatter formally limit of TAR, i.e. dose related.},
location = {TAR  binder}
}

@article{Cu72,
   author    = {J. R.  Cunningham},
   title     = {{Scatter-air ratios}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {42 -- 51},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 7,
   keywords  = {Clarkson summation technique},
   location  = {Cu72.pdf, TAR binder,equivalent squares binder }
}

@article{Cu86,
   author    = {J. R.  Cunningham and M.  Woo and D. W. O.  Rogers and
       A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The Dependence of Mass Energy Absorption Coefficient Ratios
       on Beam Size and Depth in a Phantom}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {496 -- 502},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {EGS4j  IRS86},
   notes     = {Describes Monte Carlo calculations of variations of mass energy
       absorption coefficients in photon beams.  Program  used for
       calculating database in IAEA Code of Practice.},
   location  = {TG--51 data base}
}

@article{Cu89,
   author    = {D. E.  Cullen and M. H.  Chen and J. H.  Hubbell and
       S. T.  Perkins and E. E.  Plechaty and J. A.  Rathkopf and J. H.  Scofield},
   title     = {{ Tables and Graphs of Photon-Interaction Cross Sections
       from 10 eV to 100 GeV Derived from the LLNL Evaluated Photon Data
       Library (EPDL), Part A: Z = 1 to 50, Part B: Z = 51 to 100}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-50400,
       Volume 6, Revision 4 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1989},
   notes     = {EPDL database},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cu89a,
   author    = {D. E.  Cullen},
   title     = {{ Program SCATMAN: A Code Designed to Calculate Photon Coherent Scattering Anomalous Scattering Factors and Cross Sections}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-ID-103422 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1989},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cu90,
   author    = {D. E.  Cullen and S. T.  Perkins and J. A.  Rathkopf},
   title     = {{ The 1989 Livermore Evaluated Photon Data Library (EPDL)}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-ID-103424 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1990},
   notes     = {EPDL database documentation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cu94,
   author    = {D. E.  Cullen},
   title     = {{ Program EPICSHOW: A Computer program to allow interactive
       viewing of the EPIC data libraries}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-ID-116819 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1994},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cu97,
   author    = {D. E.  Cullen and S. T.  Perkins and J. A.  Rathkopf},
   title     = {{ The 1997 Livermore Evaluated Photon Data Library (EPDL)}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-504000Rev.5 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1997},
   notes     = {EPDL database documentation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cu97a,
  title={{EPDL97: The evaluated photon data library,’97 version}},
  author={Cullen, D.E. and Hubbell, J.H. and Kissel, L.},
  journal={Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report No. UCRL-50400},
  year={1997},
  notes     = {EPDL database documentation, includes envelope uncertainties},
}

@article{Cy04,
   author    = {J. E.  Cygler and G. M. Daskalov and G. H. Chan and G. X.  Ding},
   title     = {{ Evaluation of the first commercial Monte Carlo dose
       calculation engine for electron beam treatment planning}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {142 -- 153},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = {31},
   keywords  = {VMC++ Nordion, vmcppI ik_misc3 xvmcI egsI },
   location  = {\pdf/Cy04.pdf TG105 binder}
}

@article{Cy05,
  author={J E Cygler and C Lochrin and G M Daskalov and M Howard and R Zohr
          and B Esche and L Eapen and L Grimard and J M Caudrelier},
  title={{Clinical use of a commercial Monte Carlo treatment planning system
        for electron beams}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={50},
  number={5},
  pages={1029 -- 1034},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/1029},
  year={2005},
  keywords = {VMC++ ik_misc },
  location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Cy87,
   author    = {J.  Cygler and J. J.  Battista and J. W.  Scrimger and
       E.  Mah and J.  Antolak},
   title     = {{ Electron dose distributions in experimental phantoms: a
       comparison with 2D pencil beam calculations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1073 -- 1086},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 32,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Cy87.pdf }
}

@article{Cy90,
   author    = {J.  Cygler and J.  Szanto and M.  Soubra and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Effects of Gold and Silver Backings on the Dose Rate Around an $^{125}$I Seed}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {172 -- 178},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRS90},
   notes     = {Shows that lack of backscatter from material on far side of seed causes a 10\% decrease in the dose except very close to a gold backing where a 10\% increase is seen where L-shell fluorescence plays a role.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cy94,
   author    = {J.  Cygler and N. V.  Klassen and C. K.  Ross and T. J.  Bichay and G. P.  Raaphorst},
   title     = {{ The Survival of Aerobic and Anoxic Human Glioma and Melanoma Cells after Irradiation at Ultrahigh and Clinical Dose Rates}},
   journal   = {Rad. Res.},
   pages     = {79 -- 84},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 140,
   keywords  = {IRS94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cy97,
   author    = {J.  Cygler and X. A.  Li and G. X.  Ding and E.
       Lawrence},
   title     = {{ Practical Approach to Electron Beam Dosimetry at
       Extended SSD}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1505 -- 1514},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {42},
   keywords  = {SSD, output, MD2, field size},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Cy98,
   author    = {J. E.  Cygler and G. X.  Ding and K. C.  Ash and G. G.  Zhang},
   title     = {{ Evaluation of the new electron beam algorithm in Theraplan
       Plus 3D planning system}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {40 -- 42},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSe98},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DA96a,
   author    = {M. J. Day and E. G. A. Aird},
   title     = {{ Appendix A: The equivalent field method for dose
               determinations in rectangular fields}},
   journal   = {Brit. J. Radiol., Suppl},
   pages     = {138 -- 151},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {review BJR25},
   notes =     {The main table here is identical to that in Da72 which was
                limited to 30x30 fields.},
   location  = {Dave's equivalent square binder}
}

@article{DB91,
   author    = {G. E.  Desobry and A. L.  Boyer},
   title     = {{ Bremsstrahlung review: An analysis of the Schiff spectrum}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {497 -- 505},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {thick target  thin target},
   notes     = {Extends Schiff formula slightly, but only important near the tip for low-energy electrons.},
   location  = {DR spectral.reconstruction binder}
}

@article{DC01,
   author   = {S. K. Dias and L. V. E. Caldas},
   title    = {{Extrapolation chamber response in low-energy x radiation
standard beams }},
   journal  = \jap,
   pages    = {669 -- 671},
   year     = {2001},
   volume   = 89,
   keywords = {},
   location = {\pdf/DC01.pdf}
}

@article{DC90,
   author    = {B.  Duchemin and N.  Coursol},
   title     = {{ LARA-90}},
   journal   = {LARA-LMRI-1990, DAMRI/LMRI, CEA, France},
   year      = {1990},
   keywords  = {$^{192}$Ir spectrum and other gamma spectra},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DC93,
   author    = {B.  Duchemin and N.  Coursol},
   title     = {{ Reevalution de l'$^{192}$Ir}},
   journal   = {Technical Note LPRI/93/018, DAMRI, CEA, France},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {$^{192}$Ir spectrum},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DC95,
   author    = {I. J.  Das and K. L.  Chopra},
   title     = {{ Backscatter dose perturbation in kilovoltage photon beams at high atomic number interfaces.}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {767 -- 773},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22
}

@article{DC98,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and J. E.  Cygler},
   title     = {{ Measurements of electron beam peak scatter factors}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {251 -- 253},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25
}

@article{DC98b,
   author    = {G. X. Ding and J. Cygler},
   title     = {{Measurement of P$_{\rm repl}$ P$_{\rm wall}$ factors in
       electron beams and in a $^{\rm 60}$Co beam for plane-parallel
       chambers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1453 -- 1457},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   location  = {\pdf/DC98b.pdf}
}

@article{DC99,
   author   = {S. K. Dias and L. V. E. Caldas},
   title    = {{Characteristics of an extrapolation chamber for $\beta$-ray
protection level measurements}},
   journal  = \jap,
   pages    = {671 -- 673},
   year     = {1999},
   volume   = 89,
   keywords = {},
   location = {\pdf/DC99.pdf}
}

@article{DC08,
   author   = {G. X. Ding and C. W. Coffey},
   title    = {{Radiation dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography in an image-guided radiotherapy procedure}},
   journal  = {Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys.},
   pages    = {610 -- 617},
   year     = {2009},
   volume   = 73,
   keywords = {Cone Beam CT, IGRT, Monte Carlo Dose Calculation},
   location = { }
}

@article{DE52,
   author    = {C. M.  Davisson and R. D.  Evans},
   title     = {{ Gamma-ray absorption coefficients}},
   journal   = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
   pages     = {79 -- 107},
   year      = {1952},
   volume    = 24,
   notes     = {Shows that Sauter's photoe- theory is good down to 92 keV.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DIN97,
   author    = {DIN 6800-2},
   title     = {{Dosismessverfahren nach der Sondenmethode f\"ur Photonen-
       und Elektronenstrahlung, Teil 2: Ionisationsdosimetrie}},
   journal   = {DIN 6800-2: 1997-10},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{DL74,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen and P. J.  Lamperti},
   title     = {{ A Heat-Loss-Compensated Calorimeter: Theory, Design and Performance}},
   journal   = {J. of Res. of NBS},
   pages     = {595 -- 610},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = {78A},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DL76,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen and P. J.  Lamperti},
   title     = {{ Comparisons of calorimetric and ionometric measurements in graphite irradiated with electrons from 15 to 50 MeV}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {294 -- 301},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 3
}

@article{DO93,
   author    = {V.  Delgardo and P.  Ortiz},
   title     = {{ Calculation of integral quantities from the narrow beam attenuation curve of a low energy x ray beam}},
   journal   = {Radiation Protection Dosimetry},
   pages     = {273 -- 277},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {attenuation, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {attenuation folder}
}

@article{DR93,
   author    = {K.  Derikum and M.  Roos},
   title     = {{ Measurement of saturation correction factors of thimble--type ionization chambers in pulsed photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {755 -- 763},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   notes     = {Complex paper which seems to suggest linear theory can break down but Boag theory generally pretty good.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{DR93a,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of NPL linac and calculation of dose distributions and  water/air stopping-power ratios}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS 0399},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93 EGS4r OMEGAr},
   notes     = {Modeled electron beams from NPL linac to try to help sort out problems related to magnet calibration.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DR94a,
   author    = {K.  Derikum and M.  Roos},
   title     = {{ Determination of radiation quality parameters for high
       energy photons and electrons using different types of detectors}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/46, in Proc. of Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {323 -- 331},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TG--51 beam quality specification binder},
   notes     = {Measured TPR$^{20}_{10}$ and $\mbox{R}_{50}$ using various detectors and found some differences.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{DR95,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Energy spectra, angular spread, and dose distributions of electron beams from various accelerators used in radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report  PIRS-0439},
   pages     = {},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 EGS4r OMEGAr BEAM},
   notes     = {Presents large selection of ascii and graphical energy
       spectra and angular distributions from therapy accelerators. },
   location  = {\pdf/DR95.pdf}
}

@article{DW01,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo-aided dosimetry of the new Bebig IsoSeed
       $^{103}$Pd interstitial brachytherapy seed}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2154 -- 2161},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {IRS01},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Da00,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and R. S. Baker and D. W. O. Rogers and
       J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric Modeling of the MicroSelectron High-Dose
       Rate $^{192}$Ir Source by the Multigroup Discrete Ordinates Method}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2307 -- 2319},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {IRS00},
   location  = {\pdf/Da00.pdf}
}

@article{Da00a,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and R. S. Baker and R. C. Little and
       D. W. O. Rogers and J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Two-Dimensional Discrete Ordinates Photon Transport
       Calculations for Brachytherapy Dosimetry Applicationsy}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Science and Engineering},
   pages     = {121 -- 134},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 134,
   keywords  = {IRS00},
   location  = {room X-58}
}

@article{Da00b,
   author    = {use DW01 not Da00b***** \typeout{use DW01 not Da00b  *****}},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo-aided dosimetry of the new BEBIG IsoSeed
       $^{103}$Pd interstitial brachytherapy seed}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {2001},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Da00c,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and R. S. Baker and D. W. O. Rogers and
       J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Multigroup discrete ordinates modelling of $^{125}$I 6702
       seed dose distributions using a broad energy-group cross section
       representation}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {113 -- 124},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {IRS02},
   location  = {\pdf/Da00c.pdf}
}

@article{Da02,
   author    = {S. D. Davis},
   title     = {{High sensitivity lithium fluoride as a detector for
       environmental dosimetry}},
   journal   = {MSc. thesis, McGill University, Montreal},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {EGS4r EGSnrc IRSr02},
   location  = {\pdf/thesis/steve_davis_msc_thesis_2003.pdf}
}

@article{Da02a,
    author = {Indra J. Das and Vadim P. Moskvin and Alireza Kassaee and Tatsuo Tabata and Frank Verhaegen},
    title = {{Dose perturbations at high-Z interfaces in kilovoltage photon beams: comparison with Monte Carlo simulations and measurements}},
    journal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry},
    year = 2002,
    volume = 64,
    pages = {173--179},
    keywords = { EGS4j EGSnrcj PENELOPE }
}

@article{Da03,
   author    = {S. D. Davis and C. K. Ross and P. N. Mobit and  L.
       {Van der Zwan} and W. J.  Chase and K. R. Shortt},
   title     = {{The response of LiF TLDs to photon beams in the energy
       range from 30 kV to 60Co $\gamma$-rays}},
   journal   = {Radiat. Prot. Dosim.},
   pages     = {33 -- 44},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {106},
   keywords  = {IRS03},
   location  = {\pdf/Da03.pdf}
}

@article{Da54,
   author    = {H.  Davies and H. A.  Bethe and L. C.  Maximon},
   title     = {{ Theory of bremsstrahlung and pair production. II. Integral cross sections for pair production}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {788},
   year      = {1954},
   volume    = 93,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Coulomb correction term employed by EGS4},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Da72,
   author    = {M. J. Day},
   title     = {{ Appendix A: The equivalent field method for axial dose
               determinations in rectangular fields}},
   journal   = {Brit. J. Radiol., Suppl},
   pages     = {95 -- 100},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = {11},
   keywords  = {},
   notes =     {The main table here is identical to that in DA96a, although
                limited to 30x30 fields.},
   location  = {Dave's equivalent square binder}
}

@article{Da88,
   author    = {I. J.  Das and F. M. Khan and B. J. Gerbi},
   title     = {{Interface dose perturbation as a measure of megavoltage
       beam energy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {78 -- 81},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15
}

@article{Da95,
   author    = {D. S. Davis and D. S. Followill and P. Kennedy and W. F. Hanson},
   title     = {{ Electron percent depth dose and cone ratio data from various
       machines}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1007},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   notes     = {electron output factors},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Da96,
   author    = {R. K. Das and Z. Li and H. Perera and J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Accuracy of Monte Carlo photon transport simulation in
       characterizing brachytherapy dosimeter energy-response artefacts}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {995 -- 1006},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {41},
   notes     = {Based on measurements and MC calculations they conclude that
       TLD's response is directly proportional to the dose to the
       active material.  Directly contradicted by Steve Davis'
       work Da03},
   location  = {dave's TLD binder}
}

@article{Da98,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and R. Baker and R. C. Little and
       D. W. O. Rogers and J. F Williamson},
   title     = {{ Multigroup Discrete Ordinates Photon Transport
       Calculations of Water Kerma for Brachytherapy Applications}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 ANS Radiation Protection and
       Shielding Division Topical Conference (ANS, Inc.,
       La Grange Park, IL 60526)},
   pages     = {261 -- 268},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {2},
   keywords  = {IRSp98}
}

@article{Da98a,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and E. Loffler and J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo-aided dosimetry of a new high dose-rate
       brachytherapy source}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2200 -- 2208},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {IRS98}
}

@article{Da98b,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and A. S. Kirov and J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Analytical approach to heterogeneity correction
       factor calculation for brachytherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {722--735},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {IRS98},
   location  = {room X-58}
}

@article{Da98c,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and J. F Williamson and R. Baker and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric Modeling of the MicroSelectron High-Dose
       Rate Ir-192 Source by the Multigroup Discrete
       Ordinates Method}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {A119},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {IRSa98},
   location  = {room X-58}
}

@article{Da99a,
   author    = {G. M. Daskalov and R. Baker and J. F Williamson and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Multigroup discrete ordinates modeling of I125 6702 see
       dose distributions using a broad energy-group, cross-section representation}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1141},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = {26},
   keywords  = {IRSa98}
}

@article{De00,
   author    = {J. Deng and S. B. Jiang and A.  Kapur and J. Li and T.
       Pawlicki and C-M Ma},
   title     = {{ Photon beam characterization and modelling for Monte carlo
       treatment planning}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {411 -- 427},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder, TG-105 binder, \pdf/De00.pdf}
}

@article{De00c,
   author    = {Joseph O Deasy},
   title     = {{Denoising of electron beam Monte Carlo dose distributions
       using digital filtering techniques}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1765 -- 1779},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {radiotherapy treatment planning, smoothing, xvmcI },
   location  = {\pdf/De00c.pdf}
}

@article{De01,
   author    = {J. Deng and S. B. Jiang and T.  Pawlicki and J. Li and C-M Ma},
   title     = {{ Derivation of electron spectra from electron beam central
       axis depth dose curves}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1429 -- 1449},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {RTP, TG--105},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's MC TP binder}
}

@article{De01a,
    author = {Y. De Deene and N. Reynaert and C. De Wagter},
    title = {{On the accuracy of monomer/polymer gel dosimetry in the proximity of a high-dose-rate $^{192}$Ir source}},
    year = 2001,
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = 46,
    pages = {2801--2825},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 }
}

@article{De02,
   author    = {F. DeBlois and W. Abdel-Rahman and J. P.  Seuntjens and
       E. B. Podgorsak},
   title     = {{Measurement of absorbed dose with a bone equivalent
       extrapolation chamber}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {433 -- 440},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j EGSnrcj pirs701 egsI egs_II ik_misc2 },
   notes     = { },
   location  = {BEAM binder, EGSnrc binder}
}

@article{De02a,
   author    = {J. O. Deasy and M. V. Wickerhauser and M. Picard},
   title     = {{Accelerating Monte Carlo simulations of radiation therapy
       dose calculations using wavelet threshold denoising}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2366--2373},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {29},
   keywords  = { xvmcI smoothing },
   notes     = {Wavelet denoising algorithm}
}

@article{De02b,
   author    = {J. O. Deasy and E. Lee and I. Kawrakow and C. Zakarin},
   title     = {A Prototype Monte Carlo based IMRT Treatment Planning Research
       System},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1254},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSa02}
}

@article{De03,
   author    = {J. O. Deasy and I. A. Blanco and V.H. Clark},
   title     = {CERR: a computational environment for radiotherapy research},
   year      = {2003},
   journal   = \mp,
   volume    = {30},
   pages     = {979 -- 985}
}

@article{De06,
   author    = {J. Dempsey and B. Dionne and J. Fitzsimmons and A. Haghigat
                and J. Li and D. Low and S. Mutic and J. Palta and H. Romeijn
                and G. Sjoden},
   title     = {{ A Real-Time MRI Guided External Beam Radiotherapy Delivery
                  System}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {2254},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {Co-60 MRI IGRT},
}

@article{De75,
   author    = {J. P. Desclaux},
   title     = {{A Multiconfiguration Relativistic Dirack-Fock Program}},
   journal   = {Comp. Phys. Commun.},
   pages     = {31--45},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = 9
}

@article{De91,
   author    = {A.  {Del~Guerra} and W. R.  Nelson and P.  Russo},
   title     = {{ A simple method to introduce K-edge sampling for compounds in the code EGS4 for X-ray element analysis}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {378 -- 385},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = {A306},
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {See errata in NIM A359 (1995) 637},
   location  = { }
}

@article{De92,
   author    = {J. O.  Deasy},
   title     = {{ Electron energy and angular distributions in radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis},
   pages     = {University of Kentucky},
   year      = {1992},
   location  = { }
}

@article{De94,
   author    = {J. O.  Deasy and P. R.  Almond and M. T.  McEllistrem},
   title     = {{ The spectra dependence of
       electron central-axis depth-dose curves}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1369 -- 1376},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   notes     = {Shows shape of central-axis depth-dose is only slightly
       dependent on width of incident beam.},
   location  = {DR binder beam spectra electrons}
}

@article{De94a,
   author    = {J. O.  Deasy and P. R.  Almond and M. T.  McEllistrem and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ A simple magnetic spectrometer for radiotherapy electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1703 -- 1714},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRS94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{De98,
   author    = {J. J.  DeMarco and T. D.  Solberg and J. B.  Smathers},
   title     = {{ A CT--based Monte Carlo simulation tool for dosimetry planning and analysis}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1 -- 11},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {TG--105, MCNP4A},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Daryoush, binder A2-51, TG-105 binder, \pdf/De98.pdf}
}

@article{De99,
   author    = {J. J.  DeMarco and J. B.  Smathers and C. M. Burnison and
                Q. K. Ncube and T. D.  Solberg},
   title     = {{ CT-based dosimetry calculations for $^{125}$I prostate
                implants}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {1347 -- 1353},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {interseed MCNP },
   notes     = {Claims interseed effects are negligible! },
   location  = {dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{Di00,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and J. E.  Cygler and C. B. Kwok},
   title     = {{ Clinical reference dosimetry: Comparison between AAPM
       TG--21 and TG--51 protocols}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1217 -- 1225},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   location  = {dave's TG--51 responses binder}
}

@article{Di02,
   author    = {G. X. Ding},
   title     = {{ Energy spectra, angular spread, fluence profiles and dose
       distributions of 6 and 18 MV photon beams: results of Monte Carlo
       simulations for a Varian 2100EX accelerator}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1025 -- 1046},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {47},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j BEAM egsI pirs702 },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Di02a,
   author    = {G. X. Ding and C. Duzenli and N. I. Kalach},
   title     = {{Are neutrons responsible for the dose discrepancies between
       Monte Carlo calculations and measurements
       in the build-up region for a high-energy photon beam?}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3251 -- 3261},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj EGSnrcj egsI pirs702 },
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Di02b,
   author    = {G. X. Ding},
   title     = {{Dose discrepancies between Monte Carlo calculations and
       measurements in the builup region for a high-energy photon beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2459 -- 2463},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj EGSnrcj egsI pirs702 },
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Di03,
   author    = {G. X. Ding},
   title     = {{Using Monte Carlo simulations to commission photon beam
       output factors -- a feasibility study}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3865 -- 3874},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {48},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j BEAM egsI pirs702 },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Di04,
author = {E {van Dijk} and I. K. Kolkman-Deurloo and P. M. G. Damen},
    title = {{Determination of the reference air kerma rate for $^{192}$Ir
        brachytherapy sources and the related uncertainty}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2004},
   journal   = \mp,
volume = {31},
number = {10},
pages = {2826 -- 2833},
    keywords = { ik_misc }
}

@article{Di05a,
    author = {Francisco Sanchez-Doblado and Roberto Capote and Antonio Leal and Joan V Rosello and Juan I Lagares and Rafael Arrans and G H Hartmann},
    title = {{Microionization chamber for reference dosimetry in IMRT verification: clinical implications on OAR dosimetric errors}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {787--799},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj OMEGAj xvmcv },
}

@article{Di06,
   author    = {G. X. Ding and D. M. Duggan and C. W. Coffey},
   title     = {{Commissioning stereotactic radiosurgery beams using both experimental and theoretical methods.}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2549 -- 2566},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = {51},
   keywords  = {BEAMnrc DOSXYZnrc stereotactic},
   location  = {Pub Med}
}

@article{Di07a,
title = {{A dosimetric comparison of MammoSite high-dose-rate brachytherapy and Xoft Axxent electronic brachytherapy}},
journal = {Brachytherapy},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {164 -- 168},
year = {2007},
issn = {1538-4721},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2007.01.005},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6X3G-4NH7KJ7-50/2/ea84952b0b560fc7c79e57f7f283b705},
author = {Adam Dickler and Michael C. Kirk and Neil Seif and Katherine Griem and Kambiz Dowlatshahi and Darius Francescatti and Ross A. Abrams},
keywords = {MammoSite, Xoft, Brachytherapy, Breast cancer, Accelerated partial breast irradiation}
}

@article{Di08a,
author = {Sonja Dieterich and Kevin Cleary and Warren D'Souza and Martin Murphy and Kenneth H. Wong and Paul Keall},
title = {Locating and targeting moving tumors with radiation beams},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2008},
journal = \mp,
volume = {35},
number = {12},
pages = {5684-5694},
keywords = {cancer; computerised tomography; quality assurance; radiation therapy; tumours},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/35/5684/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.3020593}
}

@article{Di07,
   author    = {G. X. Ding and D. M. Duggan and C. W. Coffey and M. Deeley and D. E. Hallahan and A. Cmelak and A. Malcolm},
   title     = {{A study on adaptive IMRT treatment planning using kV cone-beam CT}},
   journal   = {Radiother Oncol},
   pages     = {116 -- 125},
   year      = {2007},
   volume    = {85}
}

@article{Di08,
   author    = {G. X. Ding and D. M. Duggan and C. W. Coffey},
   title     = {{Accurate patient dosimetry of kilovoltage cone-beam CT in radiation therapy.}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1135 -- 1144},
   year      = {2008},
   volume    = {35},
   keywords  = {CBCT BEAM dosimetry},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di08b,
   author    = {G. X. Ding},
   title     = {personal communication, March 3, 2008},
   journal   = {},
   keywords  = {fmcal value CBCT simulations}
}

@article{Di51,
   author    = {W. R.  Dixon and F.  Fish and A.  Morrison},
   title     = {{ Preliminary Depth Dose and Isodose Measurements for Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Unit}},
   journal   = {J of Canadian Association of Radiologists},
   pages     = {12 -- 13},
   year      = {1951},
   volume    = 2,
   keywords  = {IRS51},
   notes     = {Reported basic data needed for $^{60}$Co teletherapy.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di52,
   author    = {W. R.  Dixon},
   title     = {{ Build-up Factors for Transmission of $^{60}$Co Gamma-rays through Concrete and Lead}},
   journal   = {Physical Review},
   pages     = {498 -- 499},
   year      = {1952},
   volume    = 85,
   keywords  = {IRS52},
   notes     = {Reported data needed for shielding $^{60}$Co teletherapy units.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di52a,
   author    = {W. R.  Dixon},
   title     = {{ Radiation Measurements with the Eldorado $^{60}$Co Teletherapy Unit}},
   journal   = {British Journal of Radiology},
   pages     = {294},
   year      = {1952},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {IRS52},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di70,
   author    = {E. M.  Diener and J. F.  Amann and S. L.  Blatt and P.  Paul},
   title     = {{ An improved high-energy gamma spectrometer}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {115 -- 123},
   year      = {1970},
   volume    = 83,
   keywords  = {NaI, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Di71,
   author    = {W. R. Dixon and R. S.  Storey and J. H. Aitken and
       A. E. Litherland and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ New High Spin States in $^{19}$F and a Possible
       K = $\frac{3}{2}^{+}$ Band}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
   pages     = {1460 -- 1463},
   year      = {1971},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {nonNRC71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di82,
   author    = {W. R.  Dixon and R. S.  Storey and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Q-value of the Ca($\alpha$,$\gamma$)Ti reaction}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Phys.},
   pages     = {273 - 279},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = {A378},
   keywords  = {nonNRC82},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di85,
   author    = {W. R.  Dixon and R. S.  Storey and D. W. O. Rogers and
       A. A.  Pilt},
   title     = {{ Comment on ``Negative Parity alpha clusters in $^{19}$F.''}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev},
   pages     = {2205 -- 2206},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = {C32},
   keywords  = {nonNRC85},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di93a,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and S.  Shalev and G.  Gluchev},
   title     = {{ A \(\rho-\theta\) technique for treatment verification in radiotherapy and its clinical applications}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1135 -- 1143},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {automatic registration},
   location  = {reference list binder}
}

@article{Di93b,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross and J. S.  Wei and A. F.  Bielajew and B. A. Faddegon and T. R.  Mackie and P.  Jursinic and J.  Deasy},
   title     = {{ Measured vs Monte Carlo calculated electron beam dose distributions}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {933},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {IRSa93 OMEGAa EGS4a BEAM}
}

@article{Di93c,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Calculation of stopping-power ratios using realistic clinical electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1293},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {IRSa93 EGS4a OMEGAa BEAM}
}

@article{Di93d,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler and J. S.  Wei and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Fluence factors used in conversion of dose measured in plastic to dose in water}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1589},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {IRSa93 EGS4a OMEGAa BEAM}
}

@article{Di94b,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Calculation of electron mean energy in water using realistic electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {894},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa BEAM}
}

@article{Di94c,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Improving electron beams in radiotherapy using Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {900},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa BEAM}
}

@article{Di94e,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Calculation of backscatter into beam monitor chamber for electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {923},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRSa94 OMEGAa EGS4a BEAM}
}

@article{Di94f,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Electron beam spectra from different accelerators in radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1364},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRSa94 OMEGAa EGS4a BEAM}
}

@article{Di95,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding},
   title     = {{ An investigation of radiotherapy electron beams using Monte Carlo techniques}},
   journal   = {Ph.D Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {OMEGAr EGS4r IRSr95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wi07,
   author    = {J. Wiegert},
   title     = {{ Scattered radiation in cone-beam computed tomography:
                  analysis, quantiﬁcation and compensation}},
   journal   = {Ph.D Thesis, Rheinisch-Westf\"alischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany},
   year      = {2007},
   keywords  = {CBCT scatter, Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di95a,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Influence of the design of an accelerator treatment head on the output factor for electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {673},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95 OMEGAa BEAM EGS4a}
}

@article{Di95b,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Calculation of stopping-power ratios using realistic clinical electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {489 -- 501},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {TG--51 sprs binder IRS95 OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = {Presents a universal correction to sprs for electron beam
       reference dosimetry in terms of \% depth-dose in the photon
       tail. },
   location  = {\pdf/Di95b.pdf }
}

@article{Di95c,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{\typeout{**********Use Di96a instead of Di95c *******}}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {361 -- 376},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23
}

@article{Di95d,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Angular distribution of clinical electron beams from
       various accelerators}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1007},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95 OMEGAa BEAM EGS4a}
}

@article{Di96,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Cygler and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{\typeout{****Use Di97 not Di96*****}}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {1997},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di96a,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Mean energy, energy-range relationship and
       depth-scaling factors for clinical electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {361 -- 376},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRS96 OMEGAj EGS4j BEAM},
   notes     = {Presents a detailed study of effects on energy
       relationships using realistic beam simulations. },
   location  = {\pdf }
}

@article{Di97,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Electron fluence correction factors used in conversion of dose
       in plastic to dose in water}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {161 -- 176},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj IRS97 EGS4j BEAM},
   location  = {\pdf/Di97.pdf},
   notes     = {Presents a detailed study of effects on fluence
       correction factors using realistic beam simulations. },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di98,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and M. K. Yu and J. E. Cygler and G. G.  Zhang},
   title     = {{ An Evaluation of a commercial 3D Electron Beam Treatment
       Planning System}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {43 -- 45},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSe98},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Di99,
   author    = {G. X.  Ding and J. E. Cygler and G. G.  Zhang and M. K. Yu},
   title     = {{Evaluation of a commercial three-dimensional electron
       beam treatment planning system}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2571 -- 2580},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRS99},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Do01,
   author    = {O. S. Dohm and G. Christ and F. N\"{u}sslin and E. Sch\"{u}le
       and  G. Bruggmoser},
   title     = {{Electron dosimetry based on the absorbed dose to water concept:
       A comparison of the AAPM TG--51 and DIN 6800-2 protocols}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2258 -- 2264},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {\pdf/Do01.pdf}
}

@article{Do03,
   author    = {R Doucet and M Olivares and F DeBlois and E B Podgorsak and
       I Kawrakow and J Seuntjens},
   title     = {Comparison of measured and Monte Carlo calculated dose
       distributions in inhomogeneous phantoms in clinical electron beams},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {2339--2354},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {48},
   keywords  = {IRS03 egsI vmcppI ik_misc xvmcv }
}

@article{Do05,
  author={O. S. Dohm and M. Fippel and G. Christ and F. N\"{u}sslin},
  title={{Off-axis chamber response in the depth of photon dose maximum}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={50},
  number={7},
  pages={1449 -- 1457},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/1449},
  year={2005},
  keywords = {Pwall, EGSnrcj, BEAMnrcj},
  location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Do06,
    author = { N. Dogan and J. V. Siebers and P. J. Keall },
    title = {{Clinical comparison of head and neck and prostate IMRT plans using absorbed dose to medium and absorbed dose to water}},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {51},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {4967-4980},
    location = {\pdf/Do06.pdf}
}

@article{Do80,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose water calorimeter}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {157 -- 159},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 7,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Do82,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen},
   title     = {{ An Absorbed Dose Water Calorimeter: Theory, Design and Performance}},
   journal   = {J. of Res. of NBS},
   pages     = {211 -- 235},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 87,
   keywords  = {NIST calorimeter},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Do88,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen},
   title     = {{ The Role of Water Purity, Convection and Heat Conduction in a New Water Calorimeter Design.}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, eds C. K. Ross and N. V. Klassen, (NRC, Ottawa K1A OR6) NRC Report - 29637},
   pages     = {85 -- 91},
   year      = {1988},
   notes     = {Small sealed water calorimeter described.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Do88a,
   author    = {J. J.  Dongarra},
   title     = {{ Performance of various computers using standard linear equations software in a Fortran environment}},
   journal   = {Comp. Arch. News},
   pages     = {47},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 16,
   notes     = {LINPACK benchmark},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Do88b,
   author    = {Domen, S. R.},
   title     = {{ Convective Velocity Effects on a Thermistor in Water}},
   journal   = {J. Res. NBS},
   pages     = {603--612},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = {93},
   keywords  = {NIST calorimeter}
}

@article{Do91,
   author    = {S. R. Domen and A. Krauss and M. Roos},
   title     = {{The problem of heat convection in the water
       absorbed dose calorimeter}},
   journal   = {Thermochimica Acta},
   pages     = {225 -- 233},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = {187},
   keywords  = {calorimetry PTB NIST},
   location  = {\pdf/Do91.pdf}
}

@article{Do93a,
   author = {D. Donoho},
   title  = {{Unconditional bases are the best bases for data compression
              and for statistical estimation}},
   journal = {Appl. Comp. Harmon. Anal.},
   volume = {1},
   year   = {1993},
   pages  = {100--115},
   notes  = {wavelet basics}
}

@article{Do94,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen},
   title     = {{ A sealed water calorimeter for measuring absorbed dose}},
   journal   = {J of Res of NIST},
   pages     = {121 -- 141},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 99,
   notes     = {Domens paper describing the final version of the NIST
       standard for absorbed dose based on water calorimetery
       and compared to other standards at NIST.},
   location  = {TG--51 standards binder}
}

@article{Dr95a,
   author    = {N. Drugge},
   title     = {{ Determination of the reference air kerma rate for clinical 192-Ir sources}},
   journal   = {Internal Report, Department of Radiation Physcs, University of G\"{o}teborg},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {Air kerma Ir-192}
}

@article{Dr97,
   author    = {W. J. F. Dries},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Simulations of standard and IORT electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1359},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa EGS4a}
}

@article{Du84,
   author    = {A. Dutreix},
   title     = {{When and how can we improve precision in radiotherapy?}},
   journal   = \green,
   pages     = {275 -- 292},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 2,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Du89,
   author    = {S.  Duane and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Use of ICRU-37/NBS collision stopping powers in the EGS4 system}},
   journal   = {NRCC Report PIRS-0173, Ottawa, March},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {IRSr89 EGS4r EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {Reports an upgrade of the EGS4 data preparation package.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Du93,
   author    = {C.  Duzenli and B.  McClean and C.  Field},
   title     = {{ Backscatter into the beam monitor chamber: Implications for dosimetry of asymmetric collimator}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {363 -- 367},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {backscatter gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Du96,
   author    = {A. R.  DuSautoy},
   title     = {{The UK primary standard calorimeter for photon-beam
       absorbed dose calibration service}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {137 -- 151},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {NPL absorbed dose standard},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Du96a,
   author    = {P. Dunscombe and P. McGhee and E. Lederer},
   title     = {{ Anthropomorphic phantom measurements for the validation
of a treatment planning system }},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {399 -- 411},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Du96a.pdf}
}

@article{Du07,
   author    = {D. M. Duggan and G. X. Ding and C. W. Coffey, 2nd and W. Kirby and D. E. Hallahan and A. Malcolm and B. Lu},
   title     = {{ Deep-inspiration breath-hold kilovoltage cone-beam CT for setup of stereotactic body radiation therapy for lung tumors: Initial experience}},
   journal   = {Lung Cancer},
   pages     = {77 -- 88},
   year      = {2007},
   volume    = 56
}

@article{Dy93,
   author    = {{J. van Dyk} and R. Barnett and J. Cygler and P. Schragge},
   title     = {Comissioning and quality assurance of treatment planning
       computers},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {261--273},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {26}
}

@article{EB84,
   author    = {E. El-Khatib and J. J. Battista},
   title     = {{ Improved lung dose calculation using tissue--maximum
       ratios in the Batho correction}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {279 -- 286},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {TMR TAR},
   location  = {EB84.pdf, photon treatment planning binder}
}

@article{EC03,
    author = {M. A. Ebert and B. Carruthers},
    title = {{Dosimetric characteristics of a low-kV intra-operative x-ray source: Implications for use in a clinical trial for treatment of low-risk breast cancer}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    number = {9},
    pages = {2424--2431},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/2424/1}
}

@article{EH71,
   author    = {B. A.  Engelke and K.  Hohlfeld},
   title     = {{ A calorimeter as a standard device to measure absorbed doses and the determination of the mean energy absorbed to generate an ion-pair in air (translated from German)}},
   journal   = {PTB Mitteilungen},
   pages     = {336 -- 342},
   year      = {1971},
   volume    = 71,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone absorbed dose calorimeter},
   notes     = {W/e=33.72$\pm$0.51 J/C based on absorbed dose to graphite calorimeter and ionization in cavity in graphite.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{EI96,
   author    = {M. E. {Van Eykeren} and H. Thierens and J. Seuntjens and
       P. Goethalsand I. Lemahieu and K. Strijckmans},
   title     = {{ Kinetics of [Methyl-11C]Thymidine in Patients with Squamous
       Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck}},
   journal   = {Acta Oncologica},
   pages     = {737 -- 741},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {IRS96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{EM02,
   author    = {M. A. Earl and L. Ma},
   title     = {{Depth dose enhancement of electron beams subject to
       external uniform longitudinal magnetic fields: A Monte
       Carlo Study}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {484 -- 491},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {BEAM EGS4j OMEGAj},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{ER69,
   author    = {R. E. Ellis and L. R. Read},
   title     = {{ Recombination in ionization chambers irradiated with
       pulsed electron beams I: Plane parallel plate chamber}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {293 -- 304},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {saturation},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{ER82,
   author    = {G. M.  Ewart and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Calculated Thick Target Bremsstrahlung Angular Distributions and Shielding Calculations}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2640},
   year      = {1982},
   keywords  = {IRSr82},
   notes     = {Report produced under contract for AECL Medical Products for use in design studies for clinical accelerator.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ed60,
   author    = {A. R.  Edmonds},
   title     = {{ Angular momentum in quantum mechanics, second edition}},
   journal   = {Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey},
   year      = {1960},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   notes     = {The standard textbook on angular momentum coupling},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Eh81,
   author    = {J. R.  Ehrman},
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   year      = {1981},
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   location  = { }
}

@article{El39,
   author    = {G.  Elwert},
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@article{El74,
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   journal   = {NPL Report Rad Sci 30 (NPL, Teddington)},
   year      = {1974},
   location  = {dave's Fricke binder}
}

@article{El94,
   author    = {A. J. Elliot},
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   pages     = { },
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = { }
}

@article{En64,
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   volume    = {35},
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}

@article{Ep77,
   author    = {E. R. Epp and A. L. Boyer and K. P. Doppke},
   title     = {{ Underdosing of Lesions Resulting from Lack of Electronic
Equilibrium in Upper Respiratory Air Cavities Irradiated by 10 MV X-Ray
Beams}},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {613 -- 619},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 2,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Es82,
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   title     = {{ The Piotron: Initial Performance, Preparation and Experience with Pion Therapy}},
   journal   = {Int'l J. of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics {\bf 8}},
   pages     = {1499},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 8 ,
   keywords  = {IRS82},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ey48,
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   pages     = {1534},
   year      = {1948},
   volume    = 74,
   keywords  = {multiple scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ez03,
   author    = {G. A. Ezzel and J. M. Glavin and D. Low and J. R. Palta and
I. Rosen and M. B. Sharpe and P. Xia and Y. Xiao et al., },
   title     = {{ Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and
clinical implementation of IMRT: report of the IMRT Subcommittee of the
AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2089 -- 2115},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ez03.pdf}
}

@article{FB00,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and I. Blevis},
   title     = {{ Electron spectra derived from depth dose distributions}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {514 -- 526},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI },
   notes     = {Compares beam calculated spectra to those measured using
       an unfolding of depth-dose data.},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/FB00.pdf }
}

@article{FG83,
   author    = {B. A.  Fraass and J.  {van de Geijn}},
   title     = {{ Peripheral dose from megavolt beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {809 -- 818},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {peripheral dose,},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder G3-9}
}

@article{FK97,
   author    = {M. Fippel and I. Kawrakow and K. Friedrich},
   title     = {{ Electron beam dose calculations with the VMC algorithm
       and the verification data set of the NCI working group}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {501 -- 520},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {42},
   keywords  = {IRS97 xvmcI ik_misc3 },
   notes     = {Experimental verification of VMC, unconsistencies in the
       NCI data set},
   location  = {Iwan's office}
}

@article{FL02,
    author = {Y. Fu and Z. Luo},
    title = {{Application of Monte Carlo simulation to cavity theory
        based on the virtual electron source concept}},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = 47,
    year = 2002,
    pages = {3263 -- 3274},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI egs_II }
}

@article{FM89,
   author    = {H.  Feist and U.  M\"{u}ller},
   title     = {{ Measurement of the total stopping power of 5.3~MeV electrons in polystyrene by means of electron beam absorption in ferrous sulphate solution}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med.  Biol.},
   pages     = {1863 -- 1869},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {Fricke},
   location  = { }
}

@article{FN00,
   author    = {M. Fippel and F. N\"{u}sslin},
   title     = {{ Comments on `Converting absorbed dose to medium to
absorbed dose to water for Monte Carlo based photon beam dose calculations'}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {L17 -- L18},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
   keywords  = {VMC XVMC},
   notes     = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/FN00.pdf}
}

@article{FN01,
   author    = {M. Fippel and F.  N\"{u}sslin},
   title     = {{Determination of the Human Tissue Interaction
               Parameters for Monte Carlo Calculations in Radiation Therapy
               (in German)  }},
   journal   =  {Strahlentherapie und Onkologie},
   pages     = {206 -- 211},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = {177},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {\pdf/FN01.pdf}
}

@article{FN03,
   author    = {M. Fippel and F. Nusslin},
   title     = {{Smoothing Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions by iterative reduction of noise}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1289 -- 1304},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/FN03.pdf}
}

@article{FN78,
   author    = {R. L.  Ford and W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ The EGS code system -- Version 3}},
   journal   = {Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report SLAC-210},
   year      = {1978},
   keywords  = {EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{FR93,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Comparisons of thick-target bremsstrahlung calculations by EGS4 and ITS}},
   journal   = {Nuc. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {556 -- 565},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {A327},
   keywords  = {IRS93 EGS4j}
}

@article{FS77,
  title={{Photon energy distribution of some typical diagnostic x-ray beams}},
  author={T. R. Fewell and R. E. Shuping},
  journal= \mp,
  volume={4},
  pages={187},
  year={1977}
}

@article{FS04,
    author = {Matthias Fippel and Martin Soukup},
    title = {{A Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm for proton therapy}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2004},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {31},
    number = {8},
    pages = {2263-2273},
    keywords = { Protons egsI xvmcI xvmcv },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/2263/1}
}

@article{FS95,
   author    = {B. J.  Foote and V. G.  Smyth},
   title     = {{  The modelling of electron multiple-scattering in EGS4/PRESTA and its effect on ionization-chamber response}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {22 -- 30},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {B100},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, Ion chamber calculations EGS4j},
   notes     = {Detailed description of problems in EGS4/PRESTA.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{FT70,
  title={{Absolute intensities of some L and M characteristic X-rays from solid targets}},
  author={Fong, LH and Tomlin, SG},
  journal={Australian journal of physics},
  volume={23},
  pages={17},
  issn={0004-9506},
  year={1970}
}

@article{Fa05,
   author    = {B. A. Faddegon and E. Schreiber and X. Ding},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo simulation of large electron fields}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {741 -- 753},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj},
   location  = {\pdf/Fa05.pdf, TG-105 Binder}
}

@article{Fa54,
   author    = {U.  Fano},
   title     = {{ Inelastic Collisions and the Moliere Theory of Multiple Scattering}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {117 -- 120},
   year      = {1954},
   volume    = 93,
   notes     = {Adds more accurate inelatic scattering to Moliere theory. Used in ETRAN.},
   location  = {DR multiple scattering binder}
}

@article{Fa54a,
   author    = {U.  Fano},
   title     = {{ Note on the Bragg-Gray cavity principle for measuring energy
       dissipation}},
   journal   = {Radiat. Res.},
   pages     = {237 -- 240},
   year      = {1954},
   volume    = 1,
   notes     = {Fano's theorem on Bragg-Gray cavities},
   location  = {Dave has: \pdf/Fa54a.pdf}
}

@article{Fa63,
   author    = {U. Fano},
   title     = {{Penetration of protons, alpha particles, and mesons}},
   journal   = {Annual Review of Nuclear Science},
   pages     = {1--66},
   year      = {1963},
   volume    = {13},
   notes     = {best review on Bethe-Bloch stopping power theory},
   location  = {Iwan's office}
}

@article{Fa90,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Forward-directed bremsstrahlung of 10 -- 30 MeV electrons
       incident on thick targets of Al and Pb}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {773 -- 785},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {TG--105, Monte Carlo EGS4j IRS90},
   notes     = {Reports measured and EGS4 calculated spectra and integrated
       yields.  The agreement is very good.},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fa90.pdf }
}

@article{Fa90b,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and Len {Van der Zwan} and D.  W.  O.  Rogers
       and C.  K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Precision response estimation, energy calibration, and
       unfolding of spectra measured with a large NaI detector}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {138 -- 149},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = {A301},
   keywords  = {EGS4j IRS90},
   notes     = {Documented techniques for high-precision use of the NRC large
       NaI detector. Shows excellent agreement with EGS4
       calculated response functions for electron and gamma beams.},
   location  = {\pdf/Fa90b.pdf}
}

@article{Fa91,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Angular distribution of bremsstrahlung from 15~MeV electrons
       incident on thick targets of Be, Al and Pb}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {727 -- 739},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j Monte Carlo IRS91},
   notes     = {Measured absolute bremsstrahlung yields and spectra as a
       function of angle are compared to detailed Monte Carlo
       calculations.},
   location  = {TG-105 binder \pdf/Fa91.pdf}
}

@article{Fa91a,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon},
   title     = {{ Bremsstrahlung of 10 to 30 MeV Electrons Incident on Thick
       Targets}},
   journal   = {PhD thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo EGS4r IRSr91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Fa92,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Measurement of collision stopping powers of graphite, aluminum and copper for 10 and 20 MeV electrons}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1561 -- 1571},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {IRS92 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Paper outlines an approach to measuring electron stopping powers               for which even the preliminary results are the most accurate
       measurements to date.},
   location  = {\pdf/Fa92.pdf}
}

@article{Fa92a,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Sun and A. F.
       Bielajew and C. A.  Sanders and S. S.  Kubsad and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ An EGS4 user-code Monte Carlo simulation of clinical
       accelerators}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1138},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa92}
}

@article{Fa94,
   author    = {A. Fasso and A.  Ferrari and J. Ranft and P. R.  Sala},
   title     = {{ FLUKA: Present status and future developments}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 4th Conference on calorimetry in High Energy Physics},
   pages     = {493 -- 502},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {World Sci., Singapore},
   notes     = {Reference for the FLUKA code}
}

@article{Fa96,
   author    = {G. Y. Fang and T. R. Mackie and M. J. Glass and P. J.
       Reckwerdt and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{A Monte Carlo study of Tomotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1074(abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Fa98,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and J. Balogh and R. Mackenzie and D. Scora},
   title     = {{ Clinical considerations of Monte Carlo for electron
       radiotherapy treatment planning}},
   journal   = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry},
   pages     = {217 -- 227},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 53,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j OMEGAj},
   notes     = {Describes their implementation of electron beam treatment
       planning, using BEAM to verify various aspects.},
   location  = {dave's BEAM binder, TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fa98.pdf}
}

@article{Fa99,
   author    = {B. A.  Faddegon and P. O'Brien and D. L. D. Mason},
   title     = {{ The flatness of Siemens linear accelerator x-ray fields}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {220 -- 228},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j OMEGAj},
   notes     = {Uses BEAM to help design an improved flattening filter for
       a Siemens machine.},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fa99.pdf}
}

@article{Cr36,
  title={{{\"U}ber eine Eigenschaft der normalen Verteilungsfunktion}},
  author={Cram{\'e}r, H.},
  journal={Mathematische Zeitschrift},
  volume={41},
  number={1},
  pages={405--414},
  year={1936},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{Le35,
  title={{Propri\'{e}t\'{e}s asymptotiques des sommes de variables al\'{e}atoires
          ind\'{e}pendantes ou enchain\^{e}es}},
  author={P. L\'{e}vy},
  journal={J. Math. Pures Appl.},
  volume={14},
  pages={347--402},
  year={1935},
}

@article{Fe36,
  title={{{\"U}ber den zentralen Grenzwertsatz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung}},
  author={W. Feller},
  journal={Mathematische Zeitschrift},
  volume={40},
  number={1},
  pages={521--559},
  year={1936},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{Fe82,
   author    = {H.  Feist},
   title     = {{ Determination of the absorbed dose to water for high-energy photons and electrons by total absorption of electrons in ferrous sulphate solution}},
   journal   = {Phys Med Biol},
   pages     = {1435 -- 1447},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {Fricke  absorbed dose standard PTB},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Fe84,
   author    = {L. A. Feldkamp and L. C. Davis and J. W. Kress},
   title     = {{Practical cone-beam algorithm}},
   journal   = {J. Opt. Soc. Am.},
   pages     = {612 -- 619},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = {A1},
   keywords  = {CBCT Filtered-backprojection algorithm},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Fe92,
   author    = {A.  Ferrari and P. R.  Sala and R.  Guaraldi and F.  Padoani},
   title     = {{ An improved multiple scattering model for charged particle transport}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {412 -- 416},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {B71},
   notes     = {An improved presta-like algorithm used in FLUKA and MCNPE-BO.},
   location  = {DR binder multiple scattering}
}

@article{Fe93,
   author    = {J. M.  Fern\'andez-Varea and R.  Mayol and J.  Bar\'o and F.  Salvat},
   title     = {{ On the theory and simulation of multiple elastic scattering of electrons}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {447 -- 473},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {B73},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering Electron transport algorithm implemented in PENELOPE},
   location  = {Penelope binder}
}

@article{Fe93b,
   author    = {J. M.  Fern\'andez-Varea and R.  Mayol and J.  Bar\'o and
       F.  Salvat},
   title     = {{ \typeout{****use Fe93 instead of Fe93b  for 1993 paper}}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {B73},
   page      = {447}
}

@article{Fe98,
   author    = {I. H. Ferreira and A.  Bridier and C. E. {de Almeida} and
               D.  Marre and and J.  Chavaudra},
   title     = {{ Perturbation corrections for flat and thimble-type
                cylindrical standard ionization chambers for 60Co gamma rays:
                Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2721 -- 2727},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {Prepl },
   location  = {\pdf}
}

@article{Fe99,
   author    = {I. H. Ferreira and C. E.  {de Almeida} and D.  Marre and
               M. H.  Marechal and A.  Bridier and J.  Chavaudra},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculations of the ionization chamber
       wall correction
       factors for $^{192}$Ir ~and $^{60}$Co ~gamma rays and 250 kV x-rays
       for use in calibration of $^{192}$Ir~HDR brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1897 -- 1904},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 44,
   keywords  = {calibration of HDR Ir sources},
   location  = {Daves 192-Ir binder \pdf}
}

@article{Fi00b,
   author    = {M. K. Fix and H. Keller and P. R\"{u}egsegger and E. J. Born},
   title     = {{Simple beam models for Monte Carlo photon beam dose
calculations in radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2739 -- 2747},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {TG--105, GEANT4},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fi00b.pdf}
}

@article{Fi01a,
   author    = {M. K. Fix and M. Stampanoni and P. Manser and E. J. Born
       and R. Mini and P. R\"{u}egsegger},
   title     = {{ A multiple source model for 6 MV photon beam dose
       calculations using Monte Carlo}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1407 -- 1427},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = {46},
   keywords  = {GEANT RTP xvmcI },
   location  = {MC TP binder \pdf/Fi01a.pdf}
}

@article{Fi01b,
   author    = {M. K. Fix and P. Manser and E. J. Born and R. Mini and
   P. R\"{u}egsegger},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo simulation of a dynamic MLC based on a
multiple source model}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3241 -- 3257},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = {46},
   keywords  = {TG--105, GEANT4},
   location  = {\pdf/Fi01b.pdf, TG-105 binder}
}

@article{Fi03,
    author = {Matthias Fippel and Freddy Haryanto and Oliver Dohm and Fridtjof Nusslin and Stephan Kriesen},
    title = {{A virtual photon energy fluence model for Monte Carlo dose calculation}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
   year      = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
   volume    = {30},
    number = {3},
    pages = {301--311},
    keywords = { egsI xvmcI xvmcv pirs701 },
    notes = { Matthias' photon beam source model },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/301/1}
}

@article{Fi04,
   author    = {M. Fippel},
   title     = {{ Efficient particle transport simulation through beam
              modulating devices for Monte Carlo treatment planning }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1235 -- 1242},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = {31},
   keywords  = { xvmcv },
   notes     = {},
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fi04.pdf}
}

@article{Fi04a,
author = {M. K. Fix and P. J. Keall and K. Dawson and J. V. Siebers},
title = {{Monte Carlo source model for photon beam radiotherapy: photon
source characteristics}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2004},
journal = \mp,
volume = {31},
number = {11},
pages = {3106 -- 3121},
    keywords = {OMEGAj, EGSnrcj vmcppI},
location = {\pdf/Fi04a.pdf},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/3106/1}
}

@article{Fi05,
author = {Michael K. Fix and Paul J. Keall and Jeffrey V. Siebers},
title = {{Photon-beam subsource sensitivity to the initial electron-beam parameters}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {1164--1175},
keywords = { OMEGAj ik_misc EGSnrcj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1164/1}
}

@article{Fi31,
   author    = {J.  Fischer},
   title     = {{ Beitr\"age zur Theorie der Absorption von R\"ontgenstrahlen}},
   journal   = {Ann. Physik},
   pages     = {821 -- 850},
   year      = {1931},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {Photoelectron angular distribution theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Fi89,
   author    = {D. J. S.  Findlay},
   title     = {{ Analytic representation of bremsstrahlung spectra from thick radiators as a function of photon energy and angle}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {598 -- 601},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = {A276},
   notes     = {Dave R has the code running},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Fi97,
   author    = {M. Fippel and I. Kawrakow and K. Friedrich},
   title     = {{ Electron beam dose calculations with the VMC algorithm
       and the verification data set of the NCI working group}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {501 -- 520},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {42},
   keywords  = {TG--105, IRS97},
   notes     = {Experimental verification of VMC, unconsistencies in the
       NCI data set},
   location  = {Iwan's office, TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fi97.pdf}
}

@article{Fi99,
   author    = {M. Fippel},
   title     = {{ Fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for photon beams
       based on the VMC electron algorithm}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1466 -- 1475},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = {26},
   notes     = {Fippel's first paper on XVMC},
   keywords  = { xvmcI ik_misc3 },
   location  = {\pdf/Fi99.pdf}
}

@article{Fi99a,
   author    = {M. Fippel and W. Laub and B. Huber and F. Nusslin},
   title     = {{Experimental investigation of a fast Monte Carlo photon
beam dose calculation algorithm}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3039 -- 3054},
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}

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@article{Fl90,
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@article{Fl93,
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@article{Fo02,
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}

@article{Fo76,
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@article{Fo98,
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1202 -- 1205},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   notes     = {Shows that TPR$^{20}_{10}$ = 1.266 D$_{20}$/D$_{10}$ -
       0.0595 based on RPC's direct measurement of TPR and depth dose in 685
       accelerator beams.}
}

@article{FortNu,
   author    = {W. H.  Press and S. A.  Teukolsky and W. T.  Vetterling and B. P.  Flannery},
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@article{Fr00,
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   journal   = \mp,
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   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {treatment planning BEAM EGS4j OMEGAj},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {BEAM binder \pdf/Fr00.pdf}
}

@article{Fr01,
   author    = {R. J. Fry},
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@article{Fr03,
   author    = {P. Francescon and S.  Cora and  P. Chiovati},
   title     = {{ Dose verification of an IMRT treatment planning system
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   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
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   notes     = { },
   location  = {BEAM binder, TG-105 binder, \pdf/Fr03.pdf}
}

@article{Fr03a,
   author    = {B. A. Fraass and J. Smathers and J. Deye},
   title     = {Summary and recommendations of a National Cancer Institute
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       radiation therapy},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {3206--3216},
   year      = {2003},
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   keywords  = { egsI xvmcv ik_misc },
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}

@article{Fr03b,
    author = {Margarida Fragoso and Joao Seco and Alan E. Nahum and Frank Verhaegen},
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@article{Fr04,
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@article{Fr69,
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@article{Fr95,
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@article{Fr97,
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   location  = {Daryoush, binder S1-7}
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@article{Fu95,
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   pages     = {525 -- 530},
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   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {EGS4j TG21},
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}

@article{GB65,
   author    = {K. W.  Geiger and A. P.  Baerg},
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   keywords  = {IRS65},
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@article{GB75,
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@article{GD79,
   author    = {G. P.  Glasgow and L. T.  Dillman},
   title     = {{ Specific $\gamma$-ray constant and exposure rate constant of $^{192}$Ir}},
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   pages     = {49 -- 52},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 6,
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@article{GK87,
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   pages     = {210 -- 215},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {parallel plate Capintec Victoreen Markus Memorial Holt},
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   location  = {TG--51 polarity binder}
}

@article{GR77,
   author    = {K. W.  Geiger and D. W. O.  Rogers},
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   keywords  = {IRS77},
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@article{GR85,
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   keywords  = {electron contamination},
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@article{GR89,
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   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms   TG--51 beam quality specification},
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}

@article{GR97,
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@article{GS75,
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@article{GS84,
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@article{GS91,
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   keywords = {},
   location = {\pdf/GS91.pdf}
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@article{GW54,
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@article{GZ75,
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@article{Ga07,
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    volume = {34},
    number = {5},
    pages = {1809-1818},
    keywords = {radiation therapy; dosimetry; Monte Carlo methods; biological organs},
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}

@article{Ga07a,
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@article{Ga84,
   author    = {D. M.  Galbraith and J. A.  Rawlinson and P.  Munro},
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   pages     = {197 -- 203},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
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@article{Ga86,
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   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   notes     = {Based on data presented for many commercial ion chambers, calculates N$_{\rm gas}$ ~values following TG--21. Values correct but protocol wrong.},
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@article{Ga91,
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@article{Ga95,
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@article{Ga95a,
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@article{Ga98,
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@article{Ge60,
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   volume    = 38,
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@article{Ge64,
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   pages     = {1087},
   year      = {1964},
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@article{Ge77,
   author    = {K. W.  Geiger},
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@article{Ge77a,
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@article{Ge79,
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@article{Ge80,
   author    = {K. W.  Geiger},
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   journal   = {IAEA Consultants' Meeting ``Neutron Source Properties'' March 1980, Debrecan, Hungary (IAEA,Vienna)},
   year      = {1980},
   keywords  = {IRSp80},
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@article{Ge80a,
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   journal   = \pmb,
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@article{Ge84,
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@article{Ge91,
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@article{Ge94,
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@article{Ge95,
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@article{Gi82,
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@article{Gi85,
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@article{Gi86,
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@article{Gl98,
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@article{Go48,
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@article{Go59,
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   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone},
   notes     = {Use total absorption calorimeter to measure energy fluence, calibrated ion chamber to get X and calc W/e,  using mass energy absorption coefficient but not giving value. Errors in conversion coefficients.},
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@article{Go91,
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   notes    = {Interpolated wall correction and calibration factors for small
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   location = {DR 192Ir binder \pdf/Go91.pdf}
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@article{Gr37,
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   pages     = {721 -- 742},
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   volume    = 10,
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@article{Gr50,
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   title     = {{ The determination of X-ray Wavelength Distributions from Absorption Data}},
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   pages     = {1227 -- 1234},
   year      = {1950},
   volume    = 63,
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
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}

@article{Gr57,
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   volume    = 7,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone},
   notes     = {W/e=33.6$\pm$0.3 eV/ip (1$\sigma$ I think but BP87 took as 3$\sigma$).
       Using known energy output, measured current in extrapolation chamber,
       corrected for humidity and Al wall. Used stopping-power ratio water/air.},
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@article{Gr62,
   author    = {D. Greene and J. B. Massey and W. J. Meredith},
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@article{Gr65a,
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   volume    = 138,
   keywords  = {EII, x-ray, cross section},
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   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: gryzinski_pA305_1.pdf}
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@article{Gr65b,
   author    = {M. Gryzi\'{n}ski},
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of coordinates.}},
   journal   = \pra,
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   volume    = 138,
   keywords  = {EII, x-ray, cross section},
   notes     = {based on semi-classical theory, relativistic and non-relativistic, any shell, although probably used for K-shell only in EGS4 and EGS5},
   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: gryzinski_pA305_1.pdf}
}

@article{Gr65c,
   author    = {M. Gryzi\'{n}ski},
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   year      = {1965},
   volume    = 138,
   keywords  = {EII, x-ray, cross section},
   notes     = {based on semi-classical theory, relativistic and non-relativistic, any shell, although probably used for K-shell only in EGS4 and EGS5},
   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: gryzinski_pA305_1.pdf}
}

@article{Gr84,
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@article{Gr90,
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@article{Gr98,
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@article{Gu78,
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   volume    = 14,
   notes     = { },
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@article{Gu95,
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   keywords  = {kQ measuremtents, Fricke dosimetry},
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@article{Gu96,
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@article{Gu99,
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             and finds it negligible (0.12\% of Dmax)}
}

@article{HA01,
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@article{HA61,
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@article{HA81,
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@article{HA83,
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@article{HA93b,
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@article{HB85,
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@article{HB86,
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   journal   = \pmb,
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   keywords  = {saturation recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
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@article{HG60,
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   keywords  = {IRS60},
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@article{HG64,
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@article{HG64a,
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@article{HH64,
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@article{HK93,
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   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel plate},
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}

@article{HK94,
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   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 39,
   keywords  = {NACP MARKUS Vinten},
   notes     = {Measured polarity effect as function of beam size, energy and depth. Very small for most chambers -- 0.2\%.},
   location  = {TG--51 polarity binder}
}

@article{HM84,
   author    = {J. A.  Halbleib and T.  A.  Mehlhorn},
   title     = {{ ITS: \ The Integrated TIGER Series of Coupled Electron/Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes}},
   journal   = {Sandia Report SAND84-0573},
   year      = {1984},
   keywords  = {manual},
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@article{HN91,
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   pages     = {26 -- 35},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   notes     = {Detailed comparison of two protocols.},
   location  = {TG--51 comparisons}
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@article{HO79,
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@article{HP86,
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       ratios for Solid Water}},
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   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {RMI solid water   TG--51 plastic phantoms},
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@article{HPA83,
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@article{HPA85,
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   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {protocol},
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   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder}
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@article{HPA90,
   author    = {IPSM},
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   year      = {1990},
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   keywords  = {protocol},
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   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder}
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@article{HPA92,
   author    = {IPSM},
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@article{HS01,
   author    = {C. L. {Hartmann~Siantar {\em et al.}}},
   title     = {{Description and dosimetric verification of the PEREGRINE
       Monte Carlo dose calculation system for photon beams
       incident on a water phantom}},
   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {2001},
   volume    = {28},
   keywords  = {PEREGRINE OMEGAj EGS4j dose calculation linac simulation
                xvmcI ik_misc },
   notes     = {Paper describes the physics in the PEREGRINE code and uses
       BEAM and measured data to benchmark the code system.},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/HS01.pdf}
}

@article{HS03,
   author    = {E. Heath and J. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Development and validation of a BEAMnrc component module
       for accurate Monte Carlo modelling of the Varian dynamic Millennium
       multileaf collimator}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4045 -- 4063},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGSnrcj EGS4j},
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@article{HS03a,
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   title     = {{ Effect of XCOM photoelectric cross-sections on dosimetric
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               Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry,
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   pages     = {177 -- 186},
   year      = {2003},
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}

@article{HS89,
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@article{HT85,
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   pages     = {243 -- 248},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   location  = {TG--51 Pwall binder}
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@article{HT88,
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   keywords  = {EGS4j KEK},
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@article{HV75,
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@article{HV76,
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   title     = {{ CYLTRAN}},
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@article{HW55,
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@article{HY77,
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   title     = {{ Irradiation Timer for Shutter of $^{60}$Cobalt head}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {559},
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@article{Ha01,
   author    = {J. A. Hayman and M. K. Martel and R. K. Ten Haken and D. P.
Normolle and R. F. Todd and J. F. Littles and M. A. Sullivan and P. W.
Possert et al., },
   title     = {{ Dose escalation in non-small-cell lung cancer uing
three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy: update of a phase I trial }},
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@article{Ha02,
   author    = {F. Haryanto and M. Fippel and W. Laub and O. Dohm and
       F.  N\"{u}sslin},
   title     = {{ Investigation of photon beam output factors for conformal
       radiation therapy -- Monte Carlo simulations and measurements}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {N133--N143},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {47},
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@article{Ha03,
    author = {P. Haraldsson and T. Kn\"{o}\"{o}s and J. Nystr\"{o}m and
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    journal = \pmb,
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    year = 2003,
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    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{Ha04,
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   pages     = {57 -- 61},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = {180},
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@article{Ha51,
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@article{Ha75,
  author = {E. Haug},
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@article{Ha76,
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   pages     = {288},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 61,
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@article{Ha80,
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   title     = {{ Calculative technique to correct for the change in linear accelerator beam energy at off-axis points}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {147 -- 150},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 7,
   keywords  = {general, spectral.reconstruction},
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@article{Ha87,
   author    = {K.  Han and D.  Ballon and C.  Chui and R.  Mohan},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of a cobalt-60 beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {414 -- 419},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Photon simulation, cylindrically symmetric},
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@article{Ha91,
   author    = {N. R.  Harper and P. E.  Metcalfe and P. W.  Hoban and W. H.  Round},
   title     = {{ Electron contamination in 4 MV and 10 MV radiotherapy X-ray beams}},
   journal   = {Australasian Phys. Eng. Sci. in Medicine},
   pages     = {141 -- 145},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
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@article{Ha93,
   author    = {R. M.  Harrison and G. D.  Lambert and C. L.  Chapple},
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   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = {Shiff spectral shape filtered  by known filter thickness, varies Emax to fit attenuation data. Data on Siemens 6300/2, Siemens 6700, Philips SL75/14 filters, targets.},
   location  = {DR bremsstrahlung spectral binder}
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@article{Ha96,
   author    = {D. Hannallah and T. C. Zhu and B. E. Bj\"{a}rngard},
   title     = {{Electron disequilibrium in high-energy x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1867 -- 1871},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {EGS4j, beta, },
   notes     = {Investigates the difference in the dose/kerma ratio for the
primary and scatter components of a 15 MV photon beam. },
   location  = {\pdf/Ha96.pdf }
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@article{Ha97,
   author    = {C. L.  {Hartmann-Siantar}  and P. M.  Bergstrom and
       W. P.  Chandler and L.  Chase and L. J.  Cox and
       T. P.  Daly and D.  Garrett and S. M.  Hornstein and
       R. K.  House and E. I.  Moses and R. W.  Patterson and
       J. A.  Rathkopf and A.  {Schach von Wittenau}},
   title     = {{Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's PEREGRINE project}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {19 -- 22},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {PEREGRINE OMEGAp EGS4p Monte Carlo linac simulation},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
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@article{He02,
   author    = {H. Hedtj\"arn and G. A. Carlsson and J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{Accelerated Monte Carlo based dose calculations for brachytherapy
       planning using correlated sampling}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {351--376},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {47},
   notes     = {Correlated sampling for brachytherapy calcs}
}

@article{He04,
author = {E. Heath and J. Seuntjens and D. Sheikh-Bagheri},
    title = {{Dosimetric evaluation of the clinical implementation of the first
        commercial IMRT Monte Carlo treatment planning system at 6 MV}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2004},
   journal   = \mp,
volume = {31},
number = {10},
pages = {2771 -- 2779},
    keywords = { ik_misc4 vmcppI egsI PEREGRINE OMEGAj EGSnrcj }
}

@article{He54,
   author    = {W.  Heitler},
   title     = {{ The Quantum Theory of Radiation}},
   journal   = {(Clarendon Press, Oxford)},
   year      = {1954},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He69,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Policy of the N. R. C. of Canada on High-Energy Calibrations}},
   journal   = {Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Science part 1},
   pages     = {154},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 161
}

@article{He69a,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry and P. J.  Lamperti and M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Comparisons of Exposure Standards in the 10-50 kV X-Ray Region}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {1},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {IRS69},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He71,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Production of Low X-Ray Exposure Rates}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {111 -- 114},
   year      = {1971},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRS71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He74,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Tissue-air ratio, peak scatter factor and consistency}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {43 -- 50},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRS74},
   location  = {TPR binder }
}

@article{He77,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ The NRC absorbed dose to water calibration service}},
   journal   = {NRC flyer},
   pages     = { },
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = {NRC, Ottawa},
   keywords  = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{He78,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Corrections for Humidity - Letter to British Journal of Radiology}},
   journal   = {British Journal Radiology},
   pages     = {141},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 51,
   keywords  = {IRS78},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He79,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ On C$_{\lambda}$, C$_{E}$, and the Effective Wall Material of a Baldwin-Farmer Chamber}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {37},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {IRS79},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He82,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Tissue-air ratio and its associated `in air' reference minimal phantom}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {153 -- 154},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {IRS82 TAR},
   location  = {binder TAR PSF etc}
}

@article{He84,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Report from the Consultative Committee on Standards for the Measurement of Ionizations (CCEMRI), Section I, (X-rays, gamma-rays and electrons)}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1443},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {IRS84},
   notes     = {Report of activities by the chairman of the CCEMRI section.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He85,
   author    = {W. H.  Henry},
   title     = {{ Comments of ``Correction factors for Survey Meter
       Calibrations''}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {1309},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 49,
   keywords  = {IRS85},
   notes     = {Comments on a paper by Langrill and Boyer, pointing out that
       the corrections made made been published 30 years previously},
   location  = { }
}

@article{He96,
   author    = {M.  Heydarian and P. W.  Hoban and A. H.  Beddoe},
   title     = {{A comparison of dosimetry techniques in stereotactic radiosurgery}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {93 -- 110},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {A2-36, daryoush}
}

@article{He97,
    author    = {{S.~Heukelom, J. H.~Lanson and B.J.~Mijnheer}},
    title     = {{ Differences in wedge factor determination in air using a
        PMMA mini-phantom or a brass build-up cap}},
    journal   = \mp,
    pages     = {1986 -- 1991},
    year      = {1997},
    volume    = 24,
    keywords  = { },
    location  = { }
}

@article{Hi81,
   author    = {A.  Hindmarsch},
   title     = {{ The Livermore Solver for Ordinary Differential Equations.}},
   journal   = {personal communication, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab, CA},
   year      = {1981},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi90,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and W. R.  Nelson and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ How to Use EGS4 (in Japanese)}},
   journal   = {KEK (Japanese National Laboratory for High Energy Physics) Internal Report 89-15},
   year      = {1990},
   keywords  = {IRSr90 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi91,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and Y.  Namito and S.  Ban},
   title     = {{ Proceedings of the first EGS4 user's meeting in Japan}},
   journal   = {National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Report KEK Proceedings 91-14 (KEK, Japan)},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {EGS4p KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi92,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and Y.  Namito and S.  Ban},
   title     = {{ Proceedings of the second EGS4 user's meeting in Japan}},
   journal   = {National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Report KEK Proceedings 92-16 (KEK, Japan)},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {EGS4p KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi93,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and Y.  Namito and S.  Ban},
   title     = {{ Proceedings of the third EGS4 user's meeting in Japan}},
   journal   = {National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Report KEK Proceedings 93-15 (KEK, Japan)},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {EGS4p KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi94,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and Y.  Namito and S.  Ban},
   title     = {{ Effects of linear polarisation and Doppler broadening on the exposure buildup factors of low-energy gamma rays}},
   journal   = {National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Report KEK Preprint 93-186 (KEK, Japan)},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {EGS4p KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi94a,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and Y.  Namito and S.  Ban and R.  Ikeda and Y.  Tokuda},
   title     = {{ EGS4 Shower Display System, EGS4PICT(2), Windows Version}},
   journal   = {National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Report KEK Preprint 94-10 (KEK, Japan)},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {EGS4r KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi94b,
   author    = {H.  Hirayama and Y.  Namito and S.  Ban and R.  Ikeda},
   title     = {{ EGS4 Shower Display System, EGS4PICT(1), MS-DOS Version}},
   journal   = {National Laboratory for High Energy Physics Report KEK Internal 94-6 (KEK, Japan)},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {EGS4r KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hi95,
   author    = {P. D.  Higgins and C. H.  Sibata and
       L.  Siskind and J. W.  Sohn},
   title     = {{ Deconvolution of detector size effect for small
       field measurement}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1663 -- 1666},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {deconvolution, radiosurgery},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder A1-4}
}

@article{Ho78,
   author    = {M. J.  Hopper},
   title     = {{ Harwell Subroutine Library}},
   journal   = {Atomic Energy Research Establishment Report AERE/R9185 (Harwell, UK)},
   year      = {1978},
   keywords  = {Mathematical subroutines in fortran}
}

@article{Ho79a,
   author    = {J. G.  Holt and R. C.  Fleischman and D. J.  Perry and A.  Buffa},
   title     = {{ Examination of the factors A$_{c}$ and A$_{eq}$ for cylindrical ion chambers used in $^{60}$Co beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {280 -- 284},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 6,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Prepl},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ho81,
   author    = {K. R.  Hogstrom and M. D.  Mills and P. R.  Almond},
   title     = {{ Electron beam dose calculations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {445 -- 459},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {gaussian pencil beam   treatment planning},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ho86,
   author    = {K. R.  Hogstrom},
   title     = {{ Evaluation of electron pencil beam dose calculation}},
   journal   = {Medical Physics Monograph (AAPM) No. 15},
   pages     = {532 -- 561},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {electron pencil beam, electron treatment planning},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ho88,
   author    = {K.  Hohlfeld},
   title     = {{ The standard DIN 6800: Procedures for absorbed dose determination in
       radiology by the ionization method}},
   journal   = {in Proc. of 1987 Symposium on Dosimetry in Radiotherapy (IAEA, Vienna) Vol 1},
   pages     = {13 -- 24},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {protocol  kQ PTB},
   notes     = {Description of German protocol for clinical dosimetry.},
   location  = {TG--51 protocol binder}
}

@article{Ho88a,
   author    = {K.  Hohlfeld and H. M.  Kramer and M.  Roos and H.-J.  Selbach},
   title     = {{ Two experimental methods for determining the heat defect of water}},
   journal   = {in Dosimetry in Radiotherapy, Vol II, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {145 -- 154},
   year      = {1988},
   location  = {DR has proceedings}
}

@article{Ho91,
   author    = {M. A.  Holmes and T. R.  Mackie and C. A.  Sanders and
       S. S.  Kubsad and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: Calculation of inverse cumulative
       probability distribution functions for electron transport
       for fast Monte Carlo simulations}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {608},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {IRSa91 OMEGAa EGS4a}
}

@article{Ho91a,
   author    = {M. A.  Holmes and T. R.  Mackie and W.  Sohn and C. A.  Sanders and S. S.  Kubsad and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: Variance reduction techniques for Monte Carlo simulations as applied to electron beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {642},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {IRSa91 OMEGAa EGS4a}
}

@article{Ho92,
   author    = {M. A.  Holmes and T. R.  Mackie and W.  Sohn and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: The calculation of correction factors using correlated sampling and EGS4 Monte Carlo}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {809},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa92 OMEGAa}
}

@article{Ho93,
   author    = {M. A.  Holmes and T. R.  Mackie and W.  Sohn and P. J.  Reckwerdt and T. J.  Kinsella and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The application of correlated sampling to the computation of electron beam dose distributions in heterogeneous phantoms using the Monte Carlo method}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {675 -- 688},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj IRS93},
   notes     = {Demonstrates that considerable improvement in computational efficiency can be obtained by using correlated sampling.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ho93.pdf}
}

@article{Ho93a,
   author    = {K.  Hohlfeld},
   title     = {{ In--phantom measurement of absorbed dose to water in medium energy X--ray beams}},
   journal   = {Review of data and methods recommended in the international
               code of practice: IAEA technical report series No 277 Absorbed dose
               determination in photon and electron beams. Proceedings of a consultants
               meeting organized by the IAEA and held in Vienna, 8--11 Dec. 1992},
   pages     = {77 -- 97},
   year      = {1993},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ho97,
   author    = {M. Holmes and T. R. Mackie and D. W. O. Rogers and G. X.  Ding},
   title     = {{ Comparison of clinical electron dose distributions
       between a commercial radiation treatment planning system and EGS4 Monte
       Carlo}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {54 -- 56},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSe97 EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ho99,
   author    = {M. Holmes},
   title     = {{ Correlated Sampling in DOSXYZ}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0509Bi},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRSr99 OMEGAr EGS4r},
   notes     = {Manual describing theory and implementation of correlated
       sampling in DOSXYZ.  Used to be part of DOSXYZ users manual.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hu01,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and P. Andreo and H. Song},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the IAEA TRS-398 and AAPM TG--51 absorbed
       dose to water protocols in the dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron
       beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2985 -- 3006},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   location  = {TG--51 responses binder}
}

@article{Hu01a,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and H. Song  and P. Andreo and C. J. Houser},
   title     = {{ Reference dosimetry in clinical high-energy electron
       beams: Comparison of the AAPM TG--51 and AAPM TG--21 dosimtry protocols}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2077 -- 2087},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   location  = {TG--51 responses binder:
       \pdf/Hu01a.pdf}
}

@article{Hu01b,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and P. Andreo and H. Song},
   title     = {{Comparison of the IAEA TRS-398 and AAPM TG--51 absorbed
       dose to water protocols in the dosimetry of high-energy photon
       and electron beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2985 -- 3006},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--51}
}

@article{Hu04,
    author = {J. G. Hunt and F. C. A. da Silva and C. L. P. Mauricio and D. S. dos Santos},
    title = {{The validation of organ dose calculations using voxel phantoms and Monte Carlo methods applied to point and water immersion sources}},
    journal = {Radiation Prorection Dosimetry},
    year = 2004,
    volume = 108,
    pages = {85-89},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@article{Hu69,
   author    = {J. H.  Hubbell},
   title     = {{ Photon Cross Sections, Attenuation Coefficients, and Energy Absorption Coefficients From 10 keV to 100 GeV}},
   journal   = {NBS Report NSRDS-NBS 29},
   year      = {1969},
   keywords  = {photon cross sections},
   location  = {DRs office}
}

@article{Hu71,
  author = {J. H. Hubbell},
  title = {{Survey of Photon-Attenuation-Measurements 10 eV to 100 GeV}},
  journal = {At. Data},
  year = {1971},
  volume = {43},
  pages = {241--297},
  publisher = {}
}

@article{GH83,
  author = {H. M. Gerstenberg and J. H. Hubbell},
  title = {{Comparison of Experimental with Theoretical Photon Attenuation Cross Sections Between 10 eV and 100 GeV}},
  journal = {K.H. Bockhoff, ed., ECSC, EEC, EAEC,},
  year = {1983},
  volume = {Brussels and Luxembourg},
  pages = {1007--1009},
  publisher = {Nuclear Data for Science and Technology}
}

@article{Hu75,
  author = {J. H. Hubbell and W. J. Veigele and E. A. Briggs and R. T. Brown
    and D. T. Cromer and R. J. Howerton},
  title = {{Atomic form factors, incoherent scattering functions, and photon
    scattering cross sections}},
  journal = {J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data},
  year = {1975},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {471},
  publisher = {NIST}
}

@article{Sa87c,
  author = {E. B. Saloman and J. H. Hubbell},
  title = {{Critical Analysis of Soft X-Ray Cross Section Data}},
  journal = {Nucl. Instr. Meth. A},
  year = {1987},
  volume = {255},
  pages = {38--42},
  publisher = {}
}

@article{Sa86a,
  author = {E. B. Saloman and J. H. Hubbell},
  title = {{X-Ray Attenuation Coefficients (Total Cross Sections): Comparison of the Experimental Data Base with the Recommended Values of Henke and the Theoretical Values of Scofield for Energies Between 0.1-100 keV}},
  journal = {National Bureau of Standards Internal Report NBSIR 86-3431},
  year = {1986},
  publisher = {NIST}
}

@article{Sa87d,
  author = {E. B. Saloman and J. H. Hubbell and J. H. Scofield},
  title = {{X-Ray Attenuation Cross Sections for Energies 100 eV to 100 keV and Elements Z=1 to Z=92}},
  journal = {Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables},
  year = {1988},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {1--197},
  publisher = {}
}

@article{Hu77,
   author    = {J. H.  Hubbell},
   title     = {{ Photon Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass
               Energy-Absorption Coefficients
               for H, C, N, O, Ar, and Seven Mixtures from 0.1 keV to 20 MeV}},
   journal   = {Rad. Res.},
   pages     = {58 -- 81},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 70,
   keywords  = {photon cross sections},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Hu79,
   author    = {R. M.  Hutchson and S. O.  Schriber and L. W.  Funk and N. K.  Sherman},
   title     = {{ Choosing a teletherapy electron accelerator target}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {211},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 6 ,
   keywords  = {IRS79},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hu81,
   author    = {P.-H.  Huang and K. R.  Kase and B. E.  Bj\"{a}rngard},
   title     = {{  Spectral characterization of 4 MV Bremsstrahlung by attenuation analysis}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {368 -- 374},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {S1-10},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder S1-10}
}

@article{Hu82,
   author    = {P.-H.  Huang and K. R.  Kase and B. E.  Bj\"{a}rngard},
   title     = {{ Simulation studies of 4-MV x-ray spectral reconstruction by numerical analysis of transmission data}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {695 -- 702},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = {has details of reconstruction algorithm},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Hu82a,
   author    = {J. H.  Hubbell},
   title     = {{ Photon Mass Attenuation and Energy-absorption Coefficients from 1 keV to 20 MeV}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.},
   pages     = {1269 -- 1290},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {TG61},
   notes     = {Definitive mass eneregy absorption coefficients},
   location  = {DRs binder on meac}
}

@article{Hu83,
   author    = {D.  Huang and S.  Williams and E.  Chaney and F.  Long},
   title     = {{ Evaluation of lead acrylic as a filter for contaminant electrons in megavoltage photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {93 -- 95},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hu83a,
   author    = {P.-H.  Huang and K. R.  Kase and B. E.  Bj\"{a}rngard},
   title     = {{ Reconstruction of 4-MV bremsstrahlung spectra from measured transmission data}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {778 -- 785},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = {used chi squared incorrectly},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Hu86,
   author    = {P.-H.  Huang and T.-S.  Chen and K. R.  Kase},
   title     = {{ Reconstruction of diagnostic spectra by numerical analysis of transmission data}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {707 -- 710},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Hu87,
   author    = {P.-H.  Huang and J.  Chu and B. E.  Bj\"{a}rngard},
   title     = {{ The effect of collimator backscatter radiation on photon output of linear accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {268 -- 267},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {backscatter gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Hu88,
   author    = {M. A.  Hunt and G. J.  Kutcher and A.  Buffa},
   title     = {{ Electron backscatter correction for parallel-plate chambers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {96 -- 103},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel plate TG--51 Pwall},
   notes     = {Points out that in parallel plate chambers there is an electron backscatter effect in electron beams which leads to aa P$_{\rm wall}$ correction},
   location  = {TG--51 Pwall electrons binder}
}

@article{Hu92,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and N.  Venkataramanan and J. A.  Meli},
   title     = {{ The effect on dose of kilovoltage x--rays backscattered from lead}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {171 -- 175},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 24
}

@article{Hu93,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and A. G.  Agostinelli and R.  Nath},
   title     = {{ Calibration of high-energy photon and electron beams for radiotherapy using AAPM 1983 and IAEA 1987 dosimetry protocols}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {293 -- 298},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   notes     = {Using experimental data, shows that IAEA and AAPM TG 21 protocols differ by up to 1\% for photon beams and up to 3.3\% in electron beams using plastic phantoms.},
   location  = {TG--51 comparisons binder}
}

@article{Hu94,
  title={{Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data}},
  author={H. M. Hudson and R. S. Larkin},
  journal={Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on},
  volume={13},
  number={4},
  pages={601--609},
  year={1994}
}

@article{Hu95,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and A. G.  Agostinelli and R.  Nath},
   title     = {{ An evaluation of the recommendations of the TG-25 protocol for determination of depth-dose curves for electron beams using ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1333 -- 1337},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   notes     = {Compared measurements but assumed solid water = water, makes conceptual error (after TG-25) re P$_{\rm repl}$ and does not use measured densities to correct $\rho_{\rm eff}},
   location  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms}
}

@article{Hu95a,
   author    = {C.  Hurkmans and T.  Knoos and P.  Nilsson and G.  Svahn-Tapper and H.  Danielsson},
   title     = {{ Limitations of a pencil beam approach to photon dose calculations
       in the head and neck region}},
   journal   = {Radiother. Oncol.},
   pages     = {74 -- 80},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {A2-19}
}

@article{Hu97,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq and N. Yue and N. Suntharalingam},
   title     = {{Experimental determination of fluence correction factors
       at depths beyond $d_{\rm max}$ for a Farmer type cylindrical ionization
       chamber in clinical electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1609 -- 1613},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   notes     = {Measures $P_{\rm fl}$ at $d_{\rm ref}$ for clinical
       electron beams and shows that values calculated by Rogers are in good
       agreement with experiment. Also confirms $I_{50}$ vs $R_{50}$
       relationship proposed by Ding et al.},
   location  = {TG--51 \pdf/Hu97.pdf}
}

@article{Hu97a,
   author    = {M. A. Hunt and G.E. Desobry and B. Fowble and L. R. Coia},
   title     = {{Effect of low-density lateral interfaces on soft-tissue
doses }},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {475 -- 482},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Hu97a.pdf}
}

@article{Hu99,
   author    = {M. S.  Huq},
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   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1154},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   location  = {TG--51 reponses binder}
}

@article{Hu99a,
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  number={4},
  pages={215--223},
  year={1999},
  publisher={John Wiley \& Sons}
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@article{IAEA93,
   author    = {K.  Hohlfeld},
   title     = {{ In--phantom measurement of absorbed dose to water in medium energy x--ray beams}},
   journal   = {In: ``Review of data and methods recommended in the international code of practice:
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                electron beams.'' Proc. of a consultants meeting organized by the IAEA and
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   pages     = {77--97},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {TG61},
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}

@article{ICRU90,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{ICRU Report Committee Activities}},
   journal   = {in ICRU News(ICRU, Bethesda MD), June},
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   year      = {1990},
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@article{IP91,
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   title     = {{  Report of the IPSM working party on low- and medium--energy x--ray dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1027 -- 1038},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {TG61 medium energy X-rays, IPSM working party},
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}

@article{IP91b,
   author    = {{IPSM working party}},
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   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 64,
   keywords  = {TG61 low energy X-rays, IPSM working party},
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}

@article{IRSWEB,
   author    = {},
   title     = {},
   journal   = {},
   year      = {}
}

@article{IS82,
   author    = {H.  Ing and R. A.  Shore},
   title     = {{ Unwanted radiation produced by leakage neutrons from medical electron accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {34 -- 36},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   notes     = {Shows neutrons from accelerator produce less than 0.1\% of photon dose in the beam.  See also In82.},
   location  = {DR's Ing file DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{ITSV3,
   author    = {J. A.  Halbleib and R. P.  Kensek and T. A.  Mehlhorn and G. D.  Valdez and S. M.  Seltzer and M. J.  Berger},
   title     = {{ ITS Version 3.0: \ The Integrated TIGER Series of Coupled Electron/Photon Monte Carlo Transport Codes}},
   journal   = {Sandia report SAND91-1634},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {ETRAN},
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}

@article{In82,
   author    = {H.  Ing and W. R.  Nelson and R. A.  Shore},
   title     = {{ Unwanted photon and neutron radiation resulting from collimated photon beams interacting with the body of radiotherapy patients}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {27 -- 33},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   notes     = {Shows that neutron dose less than 0.5\% of photon dose in beam and scattered neutrons much less than scattered photons.},
   location  = {DR's Ing file,  DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{Is06,
   author    = {M. K. Islam and T. G. Purdie and B. D. Norrlinger and H. Alasti and D. J. Moseley and M. B. Sharpe and J. H. Siewerdsen and D. A. Jaffray},
   title     = {{ Patient dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography imaging in radiation therapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1573 -- 1582},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = 33
}

@article{JA97,
   author    = {S. B. Jiang and K. M. Ayyangar},
   title     = {{ Characteristics of radiosurgical beams from a Clinac 1800
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   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {86 -- 87},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp Monte Carlo linac simulation},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{JA97a,
   author    = {S. B. Jiang and K. M. Ayyangar},
   title     = {{ Characteristics of Radiosurgical Beams from a Clinac
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   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {86 -- 87},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp Monte Carlo linac simulation},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{JB89,
   author    = {D.  Jette and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Electron dose calculation using multiple scattering theory: Second order multiple scattering theory}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {698 -- 711},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {IRS89},
   notes     = {Uses Monte Carlo calculations to explore properties of an analytic solution.},
   location  = {DR's David Jette file}
}

@article{JR93,
   author    = {I.  Janovsky and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ The IRS Thermoluminescent Dosimetry System}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 369},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   notes     = {Describes the various investigations carried out to establish a protocol for the use of LiF TLDs at IRS for dose measurement with a precision of about 0.3\%},
   location  = { }
}

@article{JS03,
   author    = {C.  Janicki and J.  Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Re-evaluation of the dose to the cyst wall in P-32 radiocolloid
                treatments of cystic brain tumors using the Dose-Point-Kernel
                and Monte Carlo methods}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2475 -- 2481},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = { EGSnrcj egsI pirs701 },
   location  = { }
}

@article{JS04,
   author    = {C.  Janicki and J.  Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Accurate determination of dose-point-kernel functions
                 close to the origin using Monte Carlo simulations }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {814 -- 818},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj, EGS4j egsI pirs701 },
   location  = {i\pdf/JS04.pdf}
}

@article{JS57,
   author    = {W. P.  Jesse and J.  Sadaukis},
   title     = {{ Absolute Energy to Produce an Ion Pair by Beta Particles From S$^{35}$}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {766 -- 771},
   year      = {1957},
   volume    = 107
}

@article{JS82,
   author    = {K. A.  Johansson and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric Intercomparison of the Nordic Radiation Therapy
       Centres.  Part II: Comparisons between different detectors
       and methods}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, University of Gothenburg},
   year      = {1982},
   keywords  = {Prepl Pfl Pwall},
   notes     = {Presents many interesting experimental results, including
       Prepl for cylindrical chambers in electrons, NACP vs graphite
       cylinder in photon beams.},
   location  = {TG--51 Prepl}
}

@article{JW92,
   author    = {D.  Jette and S.  Walker},
   title     = {{ Electron dose calculation using multiple-scattering theory: Evaluation of a new model for inhomogeneities}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1241 -- 1254},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   location  = {DR electron treatment planning binder}
}

@article{JY83,
   author    = {P. C.  Johns and M. J.  Yaffe},
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   pages     = {40},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ja01,
   author    = {A.  Janssens and E. W. Korevaar and L. J. van Battum and P.
R.Storchi and H. Huizenga},
   title     = {{A model to determine the initial phase space of a clinical
electron beam from measured beam data}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {269 -- 286},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ja01.pdf}
}

@article{Ja03,
   author    = {K. De Jaeger and M. S. Hoogeman and M. Engelsman and Y.
Seppenwoolde and E. M. F. Damen and B. J. Mijnheer and L. J. Boersma and J.
V. Lebesque},
   title     = {{ Incorporating an improved dose-calculation algorithm in
conformal radiotherapy of lung cancer: re-evaluation of dose in normal lung
tissue }},
   journal   = \green,
   pages     = {1 -- 10},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 69,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ja03.pdf}
}

@article{Ja04,
    author = {S. Jan {\em et al}},
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   journal   = \pmb,
    year = 2004,
    volume = 49,
    pages = {4543--4561},
    keywords = { GEANT4 pirs701 }
}

@article{Ja06,
   author    = {G. Jarry and S. A. Graham and D. J. Moseley and D. A.  Jaffray and J. H. Siewerdsen and F. Verhaegen},
   title     = {{ Characterization of scattered radiation in CBCT images using Monte Carlo simulations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {4320 -- 4329},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, CBCT scatter},
   notes     = {First attempt to obtain MC scatter corrections. Long calculation times. Initially corrected.},
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@article{Ja74,
   author    = {A.  Janssens and G.  Eggermont and R.  Jacobs and G.  Thielens},
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   volume    = 19,
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}

@article{Ja87,
   author    = {C. Jakoby and H. Genz and A. Richter},
   title     = {{J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq.}},
   journal   = {C9},
   pages     = {487},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {EII, x-ray, cross section},
   notes     = {empirical formula for K-shell using 600 measurements},
   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: gryzinski_pA305_1.pdf}
}

@article{Ja88,
   author    = {F.  James},
   title     = {{ A review of pseudorandom number generators}},
   journal   = {CERN-Data Handling Division, Report DD/88/22},
   year      = {1988},
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}

@article{Ja93,
   author    = {D. A.  Jaffray and J. J.  Battista and A.  Fenster and P.  Munro},
   title     = {{ X-ray sources of medical linear accelerators: Focal and extra-focal radiation}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1417 -- 1427},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {TG 54 CT reconstruction MTF source size},
   notes     = {Maps of many source spots. FWHM $\approx$0.5--3.4mm. Maps intensity of extra-focal source vs radius, up to 8\%. An important paper.},
   location  = {DR head scatter binder}
}

@article{Ja94,
   author    = {F.  James},
   title     = {{ RANLUX: A Fortran implementation of the high-quality
       pseudorandom number generator of L\"{u}scher}},
   journal   = {Computer Phys. Commun.},
   pages     = {111 -- 114},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 79,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j random numbers},
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   location  = { }
}

@article{Ja99,
   author    = {D. A. Jaffray and D. G. Drake and M. Moreau and A. A. Martinez and J. W. Wong},
   title     = {{ A radiographic and tomographic imaging system integrated into a medical linear accelerator for localization of bone and soft-tissue targets}},
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   pages     = {773 -- 789},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 45,
   location  = { }
}

@article{JS00,
   author    = {D. A. Jaffray and J. H. Siewerdsen},
   title     = {{ one-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: initial performance characterization}},
   journal   = {Med Phys},
   pages     = {1311 -- 1323},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ja02,
   author    = {D. A. Jaffray and J. H. Siewerdsen and J. W. Wong and A. A. Martinez},
   title     = {{ Flat-panel cone-beam computed tomography for image-guided radiation therapy}},
   journal   = {Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys},
   pages     = {1337 -- 1349},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 53,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Je00,
   author    = {R. Jeraj and P. J. Keall},
   title     = {{ The effect of statistical uncertainty on inverse treatment
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   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3601 -- 3613},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {Dave's MC RTP binder and BEAM binder},
   notes     = { }
}

@article{Je02,
   author    = {R. Jeraj and P. J. Keall and J. V. Siebers},
   title     = {{ The effect of dose calculation accuracy on inverse
       treatment planning}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {391 -- 407},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI ik_misc2 },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Je04,
   author    = {R. Jeraj and  T R Mackie and J Balog and G Olivera and
       D Pearson and J Kapatoes and K Ruchala and P Reckwerdt},
   title     = {{ Radiation characteristics of helical tomotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {396 -- 404},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {MCNP pirs701 },
   location  = {Je04.pdf tomotherapy dosimetry binder}
}

@article{Je05,
author = {R. Jeraj and T. R. Mackie and J. Balog and G.
Olivera},
title = {{Dose calibration of nonconventional treatment systems applied to
helical tomotherapy}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {570 -- 577},
keywords = {dosimetry; radiation therapy; biomedical measurement; Monte
Carlo methods; ionisation chambers},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/570/1}
}

@article{Je58,
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   volume    = 109,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone},
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}

@article{Je88,
   author    = {D.  Jette},
   title     = {{ Electron dose calculation using multiple-scattering theory: A. Gaussian multiple-scattering theory}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {123 -- 137},
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   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Je91,
   author    = {D.  Jette},
   title     = {{ Electron dose calculation using multiple-scattering theory: Localized inhomogeneities - A new theory}},
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   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Je93,
   author    = {D.  Jette},
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   journal   = {in ``Radiation Therapy Physics'', ed A. R. Smith (Springer-Verlag,Berlin)},
   pages     = {95 -- 121},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering review},
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}

@article{Je99,
   author    = {R. Jeraj and P. J. Keall and P. M. Ostwald},
   title     = {{ Comparisons between MCNP, EGS4 and experiment for clinical
       electron beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {705 -- 717},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 44,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj ik_misc3 },
   location  = {\pdf/Je99.pdf},
   notes     = {Compares the two codes and finds EGS4 much faster.  Uses
       BEAM calculated spectra for input to compare to experiment.}
}

@article{Ji00,
   author    = {S. B. Jiang and T. Pawlicki and C-M Ma},
   title     = {{ Removing the effect of statistical uncertainty on
       dose-volume histograms from Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2151 -- 2161},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   notes     = { },
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder},
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}

@article{Ji00b,
   author    = {S. B. Jiang and A. Kapur and C-M. Ma},
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treatment planning}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {180 -- 191},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = { xvmcI },
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}

@article{Ji01a,
   author    = {S. B. Jiang and A. L. Boyer and C-M Ma},
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {55 -- 66},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {TG--105},
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}

@article{Jo00,
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   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
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}

@article{Jo51,
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   journal   = {Nature},
   pages     = {1035},
   year      = {1951},
   volume    = 168,
   keywords  = {IRS51},
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}

@article{Jo58,
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   journal   = \BJR,
   pages     = {254 - 260},
   year      = {1958},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {TAR},
   notes     = {BJR25 quotes this paper for showing that the scatter to
primary ratio doesn't change significantly with SSD and hence TAR is a
valid concept as being independent of SSD or SAD.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Jo72,
   author    = {H. E.  Johns and M. A.  Aspin and L. D.  Skargsgard and M.  Cohen},
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   volume    = 11,
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   location  = {Jan}
}

@article{Jo77,
   author    = {K. A.  Johansson and L. O.  Mattsson and L.  Lindborg and
       H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Absorbed-dose determination with ionization chambers in electron and photon beams having energies between 1 and 50~MeV}},
   journal   = {IAEA Symposium Proceedings, (Vienna) IAEA-SM-222/35},
   pages     = {243 -- 270},
   year      = {1977},
   keywords  = {TG--51 Pwall   TG--51 Pfl   TG--51 Pgr   TG--51 Prepl},
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   location  = {TG--51 fundamentals binder}
}

@article{Jo81,
   author    = {D.  Jones},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the perturbation correction in a parallel
       plate and a cylindrical ion chamber}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {239 -- 241},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {electron beam calibration, ion chambers, perturbation correction
       displacement correction},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder A1-5}
}

@article{Jo97,
    author    = {S A Johnsson and C P Ceberg},
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    journal   = \mp,
    pages     = {763--767},
    year      = {1997},
    volume    = {24},
    location  = { }
}

@article{Jo99,
    author    = {S A Johnsson and C P Ceberg and T Kn\"{o}\"{o}s and P Nilsson},
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    journal   = {Phys Med Biol},
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    year      = {1999},
    volume    = {44},
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@article{Ju99,
    author    = {P. A. Jursinic and B. R. Thomadsen},
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@article{KB93,
   author    = {J. L.  Karr and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ {\tt PIF} [Prepare Input File (for {\tt PEGS4})]}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0365},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93 EGS4r},
   notes     = {PEGS tool},
   location  = { }
}

@article{KB93a,
   author    = {J. L.  Karr and A. F.  Bielajew},
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   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS-0366},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{KB97,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and A. F.  Bielajew},
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       distributions for Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {325 -- 336},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {134B},
   keywords  = {IRS98 EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   notes     = {multiple-scattering theory}
}

@article{KB97a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and A. F. Bielajew},
   title     = {{ On the condensed history technique for electron transport}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {253 -- 280},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {142B},
   keywords  = {IRS98 EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   notes     = {longitudinal/lateral distribution theory}
}

@article{KB97b,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ New multiple scattering theory and transport algorithm for electron Monte Carlo simulations}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
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   pages     = {155 --- 156},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSe97},
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@article{KB97c,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Recent improvements and accuracy tests of the Voxel Monte
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   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1049},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {24},
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@article{KD92,
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@article{KF99,
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   notes     = {EGSnrc Manual},
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@article{KR01b,
   author    = {Nina Kalach and D. W. O. Rogers},
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   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)/01--26 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01, EGS4r, EGSnrcr OMEGAr},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   notes     = {Document submitted to BIPM meeting, May 2001 and COMP},
   location  = { }
}

@article{KR01c,
   author    = {N. I. Kalach and D. W. O. Rogers},
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1546 -- 1555},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {IRS03, OMEGAj, EGS4j, EGSnrcj pirs702 egsI pirs701 },
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   location  = {\pdf/KR01c.pdf}
}

@article{KR01d,
   author    = {N. Kalach and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ What consitutes a clinic-like radiotherapy beam}},
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   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSe01 EGS4p},
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@article{KR92,
   author    = {A.  Kosunen and D. W. O.  Rogers},
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   volume    = 20,
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       whereas there are 1\% discrepancies using TPR$^{20}_{10}$.
       },
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@article{KR94,
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@article{KW03,
author = {Paul J. Keall and Jeffrey F. Williamson},
title = {{Clinical evidence that more precisely defined dose distributions
will improve cancer survival and decrease morbidity}},
year = {2003},
journal = \mp,
volume = {30},
pages = {1281 -- 1282},
keywords = {cancer; surgery; dosimetry; radiation therapy},
location={\pdf}
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@article{KW06,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and B. R. B. Walters},
   title     = {{ Efficient photon beam dose calculations using DOSXYZnrc with BEAMnrc}},
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   year  = {2006},
   pages     = {3046 -- 3056},
   volume    = {33},
   keywords  = {EGSnrc BEAMnrc DOSXYZnrc},
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@article{KW07,
    author    = {I. Kawrakow and B. R. B. Walters},
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    year  = {2007},
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@article{Ka00,
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   title     = {{ \textsc{VMC++}}},
   journal   = {in preparation},
   year      = {2000},
   location  = { }
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@article{Ka01a,
   author    = {N. Kalach},
   title     = {{What constitutes a clinic-like radiotherapy photon beam}},
   journal   = {MSc. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {BEAM EGS4r OMEGAr photon accelerators, IRSr01},
   location  = {Dave has copy}
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@article{Ka02,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ On the de-noising of Monte Carlo calculated dose
       distributions}},
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   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {IRS02 vmcppI xvmcI xvmcv },
   location  = {\pdf/Ka02.pdf}
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@article{Ka02b,
   author    = {I Kawrakow},
   title     = {Electron impact ionization cross sections for EGSnrc},
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   volume    = 29,
   pages     = {1230},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSa02}
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@article{Ka02c,
   author    = {I Kawrakow},
   title     = {Smoothing Monte Carlo calculated dose distributions for
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   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1352},
   volume    = 29,
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSa02}
}

@article{Ka03a,
   author    = {I Kawrakow},
   title     = {The effect of Monte Carlo statistical uncertainties
       on the evaluation of dose distributions in radiation treatment planning},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   volume    = 30,
   pages     = {1451},
   year      = {2003},
   keywords  = {IRSa03}
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@article{Ka04,
   author    = {Iwan Kawrakow},
   title     = {{The effect of Monte Carlo statistical uncertainties
       on the evaluation of dose distributions in radiation treatment
       planning}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1549 -- 1556},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = {49},
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   keywords  = {IRS04 ik_misc}
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@article{Ka04a,
   author    = {Iwan Kawrakow and D. W. O Rogers and B.R.B.~Walters},
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2883 -- 2898},
   volume    = 31,
   year      = {2004},
   keywords  = {IRS04 DBS OMEGAj EGSnrcj egsI pirs701 ik_misc }
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@article{Ka04b,
   author = {Iwan Kawrakow and Ernesto Mainegra-Hing and D.W.O. Rogers},
   title  = {{EGSnrcMP, the new multi platform version of EGSnrc}},
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   volume = 31,
   year   = {2004},
   keywords  = {EGSnrca}
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@article{Ka05,
    author    = {Iwan Kawrakow},
    title     = {{On the efficiency of photon beam treatment head simulations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {2005},
    volume    = {32},
    pages     = {2320--2326},
   keywords  = {IRS05 ik_misc EGSnrcj OMEGAj }
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@article{Ka05b,
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    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
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@article{Ka06,
    author = {Iwan Kawrakow},
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@article{Ka92,
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}

@article{Ka92a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and H. J. M\"ohring and J. Ranft},
   title     = {{Dual Parton Model with complete formation zone intranuclear
       cascade and a minijet component for the description of particle
       production in heavy ion collisions at collider energies}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Phys.},
   pages     = {471--474},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {A544},
   keywords  = {nonNRC92}
}

@article{Ka92b,
   author    = {I.~Kawrakow and H. J. M\"ohring and J. Ranft},
   title     = {{Hadronic energy density in the Dual Parton Model
       with intranuclear cascade}},
   journal   = {Z. Phys.},
   pages     = {115--122},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {C56},
   keywords  = {nonNRC92}
}

@article{Ka93,
   author    = {M.  Karlsson and H.  Nystr\"{o}m and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Photon beam characteristics on the MM50 racetrack microtron
       and a new approach for beam quality determination}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {143 -- 149},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {photon beam quality},
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{Ka93a,
   author    = {A.  Kassaee and X.  Chen and S.  Ayyalasomayajula and P.  Bloch},
   title     = {{ Electron beam characteristic with modified electron cones and scattering foil on a Varian 2100C accelerator}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {887},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20
}

@article{Ka93b,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and H. J. M\"ohring and J. Ranft},
   title     = {{Extrapolation of hadron production in nucleus--nucleus collisions
       to the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and Large Hadron Collider
       energies with the two--component Dual Parton Model}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {3849--3861},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {D47},
   keywords  = {nonNRC93}
}

@article{Ka94,
   author    = {A.  Kassaee and M. D.  Altschuler and S.  Ayyalasomayajula and P.  Bloch},
   title     = {{ Influence of cone design on electron beam characteristics on clinical accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1671 -- 1676},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {ITS cyltran measurements},
   location  = {GXD DRs binder accelerator calns}
}

@article{Ka94a,
   author    = {I.~Kawrakow},
   title     = {{The Pomeron and multiparticle production}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev.},
   pages     = {2275--2289},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {D49},
   keywords  = {nonNRC94}
}

@article{Ka95,
   author    = {I.  Kawrakow and M.  Fippel and K.  Friedrich},
   title     = {{ The high performance Monte Carlo Algorithm VMC}},
   journal   = {Medizinische Physik},
   pages     = {256 -- 257},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {Proceedings},
   keywords  = {nonNRCp95}
}

@article{Ka96,
   author    = {I.  Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Electron transport: multiple and plural scattering}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {23 -- 34},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {B108},
   keywords  = {IRS96 EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   notes     = {New multiple scattering theory.}
}

@article{Ka96a,
   author    = {I.  Kawrakow and M.  Fippel and K.  Friedrich},
   title     = {{ 3D Electron Dose Calculation using a Voxel based Monte
Carlo Algorithm (VMC)}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {445 -- 457},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {23},
   keywords  = {IRS96, TG--105},
   location  = {\pdf/Ka96a.pdf, TG-105 binder},
   notes     = {original VMC paper}
}

@article{Ka96b,
   author    = {I.  Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Electron transport: longitudinal and lateral correlation algorithm}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {307 -- 326},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {B114},
   keywords  = {IRS96 EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   notes     = {electron transport algorithm}
}

@article{Ka96c,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Improved modeling of multiple scattering in the Voxel
       Monte Carlo model}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {505 -- 517},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {24},
   keywords  = {IRS97},
   location  = {\pdf/Ka96c.pdf},
   keywords  = { xvmcI ik_misc3 },
   notes     = {Implementation of LLCA in VMC}
}

@article{Ka97,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ On the condensed history technique for the simulation
       of electron elastic scattering}},
   journal   = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry (abstract)},
   pages     = {345 -- 352},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {53},
   keywords  = {IRSa97 EGS4a EGSnrca},
   notes     = {Discusses implementation of PWA cross sections}
}

@article{Ka97a,
   author    = {A.  Kapur and C-M Ma and E. Mok  and D. Findley},
   title     = {{Characterization of small field electron beams for
       radiotherapy using Monte Carlo simulations}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {157 -- 158},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp Monte Carlo linac simulation EGS4p},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ka98,
   author    = {I.  Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ The dose visualization tool dosxyz\_show}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 0624},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSr98 OMEGAr EGS4r DOSXYZ ctcreate},
   notes     = {User's manual for a tool to display CT data and isodose
       contours calculated using DOSXYZ},
   location  = {Handouts for BEAM course}
}

@article{Ka98a,
   author    = {A.  Kapur and C-M Ma and E. C. Mok  and A. L.  Boyer},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo calculations of electron beam output factors for a medical linear
       accelerator}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3479 -- 3494},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ka99,
   author    = {M. G.  Karlsson and M. Karlsson and C.-M. Ma},
   title     = {{Treatment head design for multileaf collimated high-energy
       electrons}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2161 -- 2167},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj, BEAM, EGS4j},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ka99a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of
       electron transport. I. EGSnrc, the new EGS4 version}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {485 -- 498},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {IRS00 EGS4j EGSnrcj ik_misc5 },
   location  = {\pdf/Ka99a.pdf}
}

@article{Ka99b,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Accurate condensed history Monte Carlo simulation of
       electron transport. II. Application to ion chamber response
       simulations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {499 -- 513},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {IRS00 EGS4j EGSnrcj, TG--105},
   location  = {\pdf/Ka99b.pdf, TG-105 binder}
}

@article{KaSa95,
  author = {Kaklis, P. D. and Sapidis, N. S.},
  title = {{Convexity-preserving interpolatory parametric splines of non-uniform
    polynomial degree}},
  journal = {Computer Aided Geometric Design},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {1--26},
  number = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{Ke00,
   author    = {P. J. Keall and J. V. Siebers and R. Jeraj and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{ The effect of dose calculation uncertainty on the
       evaluation of radiotherapy plans}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {478 -- 484},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj, TG--105},
   notes     = {Used BEAM/DOSXYZ to calculate a real treatment plan dose
       distribution and then studied the effects of statistical
uncertainty.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ke00.pdf, TG-105 binder}
}

@article{Ke01,
   author    = {P. J. Keall and J. V. Siebers and M. Arnfield and J. O. Kim
and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo dose calculations for dynamic IMRT treatments }},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {929 -- 941},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ke01.pdf}
}

@article{Ke02,
   author    = {H. Keller and M. Glass and R. Hinderer and K. Ruchala and R.
       Jeraj and G. Olivera and T. R. Mackie},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo study of a highly efficient gas ionization
       detector for megavoltage imaging and image-guided radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {165 -- 175},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Ke03,
   author    = {P. J. Keall and J. V. Siebers and B. Libby and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{ Determining the incident electron fluence for Monte Carlo
       treatment planning using a standard measured data set}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {574 -- 582},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {EGS4 OMEGAj}
}

@article{Ke06,
  title={{The management of respiratory motion in radiation oncology report of AAPM Task Group 76}},
  author={P. J. Keall and G. S. Mageras and J. M. Balter and R. S. Emery and K. M. Forster and S. B. Jiang and J. M. Kapatoes and D. A. Low and M. J. Murphy and B. R. Murray and C. R. Ramsey and M. B. {Van Herk} and S. S. Vedam and J. W. Wong and E. Yorke},
  journal=\mp,
  volume={33},
  pages={3874},
  year={2006},
  publisher={AAPM}
}

@article{Ke10,
   author    = {C. Kessler and P. Roger and D. T. Burns},
   title     = {{Establishment of reference radiation qualities
                 for mammography}},
   journal   = {Rapport BIPM-2010/01},
   year      = {2010}
}

@article{Ke11,
   author    = {C. Kessler, D.T. Burns, J.P. McCaffrey},
   title     = {{Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K7 of the air-kerma standards of the NRC, Canada and the BIPM in mammography x-rays}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {under review},
   year      = {2011},
   keywords  = {exposure standard},
   notes     = {Fundamental paper on determination of exposure using cavity ion chambers and free air chambers.},
   location  = {BIPM binder}
}

@article{Ke60,
   author    = {E.  Keil and E.  Zeitler and W.  Zinn},
   title     = {{ Zur Einfach- und Mehrfachstreuung geladener Teilchen}},
   journal   = {Z. Naturforsch},
   pages     = {1031 -- 1038},
   year      = {1960},
   volume    = {15a},
   keywords  = {plural elastic scattering theory},
   notes     = {Single and plural scattering of charged particles.  Translation UCRL-Trans-1036.},
   location  = {Alex's files under Keil}
}

@article{Ke85,
   author    = {A. G.  Kepka and P. M.  Johnson and J.  David},
   title     = {{The effect of off--axis quality changes on zero area TAR for
       megavoltage beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {589 -- 595},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ke88,
   author    = {B.  Keller and G.  Yelle and K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ The Positioning of a Newly Installed Philips MCN101 X-ray Tube}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0141 (Ottawa, Ont)},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {IRSr88},
   notes     = {Documents installation of a new tube in the primary standard set up.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ke99,
   author    = {P. J. Keall and J. V. Siebers and R. Jeraj and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{ The effect Monte Carlo noise on radiotherapy
       treatment plan evaluation}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1148},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26
}

@article{Kh00,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan},
   title     = {{Comment on ``AAPM's TG--51 protocol for clinical reference
       dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams''
       [Med. Phys. 26, 1847-1870 (1999)]}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {445 -- 447},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   location  = {Dave's papers about TG--51 binder}
}

@article{Kh78,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan and W.  Sewchand and S. H.  Levitt},
   title     = {{ Effect of air space
       on depth dose in electron beam therapy}},
   journal   = {Radiology},
   pages     = {249 -- 252},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 126,
   keywords  = {effect of air space},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kh86,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan and B. J.  Gerbi and F. C.  Deibel},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of asymmetric x--ray collimators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {936 -- 941},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kh87,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan and F. C.  Deibel and B. J.  Gerbi and I. J.  Das},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of irregularly shaped electron fields}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {473},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kh91,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan and K. P.  Doppke and K. R.  Hogstrom and
       G. J.  Kutcher and R.  Nath and S. C.  Prasad and J. A.  Purdy
       and M.  Rozenfeld and B. L.  Werner},
   title     = {{ Clinical electron-beam dosimetry: Report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 25}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {73 -- 109},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {TG--51 protocol},
   location  = {DR's TG 25 file}
}

@article{Kh91a,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan},
   title     = {{Replacement correction (P$_{\rm repl}$) for ion chamber dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1244 -- 1246},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   notes     = {Reviews use of P$_{\rm repl}$ but fuzzy re use of P$_{\rm fl}$ for electron beam depth-dose since value in TG--21 applies only at d$_{\rm max}$.},
   location  = {TG--51 Prepl binder}
}

@article{Kh95,
   author    = {F. M.  Khan and F. C.  Deibel and B. J.  Gerbi and P. D.  Higgins},
   title     = {{ Calculation of depth dose and dose per monitor unit for irregularly shaped
       electron fields}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {949},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {electron beam dose calculation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ki01,
   author    = {J. O. Kim and J. V. Siebers and P. J. Keall and M. R.
       Arnfield and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{A Monte Carlo study of radiation transport through
       multileaf collimators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2497 -- 2506},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {\pdf/Ki01.pdf}
}

@article{Ki02,
    author = {C. Kirisits and D. Georg and P. Wexberg and B. Pokrajac and D. Glogar and R. Potter},
    title = {{Determination and application of the reference isodose length (RIL) for commercial endovascular brachytherapy devices}},
    year = 2002,
    journal = \green,
    volume = 64,
    pages = {309--315},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@article{Ki04,
    author = {Christian Kirisits1 and Alfred Hefner and Paul Wexberg and Boris Pokrajac and Dietmar Glogar and Richard P\"{o}tter and Dietmar Georg},
    title = {{Estimation of doses to personnel and patients during endovascular brachytherapy applications}},
    journal = {Radiation Protection Dosimetry},
    year = 2004,
    volume = 108,
    pages = {237--245},
    keywords = {EGSnrcj}
}

@article{Ki05,
author = {C. Kirkby and R. Sloboda},
title = {{Consequences of the spectral response of an a-Si EPID and implications for dosimetric calibration}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {32},
number = {8},
pages = {2649--2658},
keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI egsII pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2649/1}
}

@article{Ki05a,
author = {C. Kirkby and R. Sloboda},
collaboration = {},
title = {{Comprehensive Monte Carlo calculation of the point spread function for a commercial a-Si EPID}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {1115--1127},
keywords = { EGSnrcj egsII pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1115/1}
}

@article{Ki08,
title = {{A dosimetric comparison of Xoft Axxent Electronic BrachytherapyTM and Ir-192 HDR interstitial brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer}},
journal = {Brachytherapy},
volume = {7},
number = {2},
pages = {153 -- 153},
year = {2008},
issn = {1538-4721},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2008.02.417},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6X3G-4S86YJ8-6S/2/4f345168e45a045dc7a0e76b17f1195a},
author = {Michael C. Kirk and Alan B. Coon and Adam T. Dickler and Damian Bernard and Thomas Zusag}
}

@article{Ki13,
   author    = {S. Kim and T. T. Yoshizumi and F.-F. Yin and I. J. Chetty},
   title     = {{ Spiral computed tomography phase-space source model in the BEAMnrc/EGSnrc Monte Carlo system: implementation and validation}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2609 -- 2624},
   year      = {2013},
   volume    = {58}
}

@article{Ki92,
   author    = {T. H.  Kirby and W. F.  Hanson and D. A.  Johnston},
   title     = {{ Uncertainty analysis of absorbed dose calculations from thermoluminescent dosimeters}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1427 -- 1433},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19
}

@article{Ki96,
   author    = {A. S.  Kirov and D. W. O.  Rogers and G. M. Daskalov and
       J. F.  Williamson},
   title     = {{Secondary electron transport in brachytherapy dosimetry:
       Evaluation of the dose-to-kerma ratio for localized gamma sources}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1056(abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Ki96a,
   author    = {A. S.  Kirov and D. W. O.  Rogers and G. M. Daskalov and
       J. F.  Williamson},
   title     = {{Electron transport effects on the dosimetry of localized
       gamma sources with application to brachy- and neutron capture therapy}},
   journal   = {International Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for
       Cancer, Zurich},
   pages     = {134},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {IRSe96}
}

@article{Kl01,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and L. {Van~der~Zwan} and J.  Cygler and J. P.
       Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Experimental determination and Monte carlo simulations of
       backscatter factors in clinical kilovoltage x-ray beams using
       GafChromic MD-55-2 radiochromic film}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)/01--24 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl01a,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen},
   title     = {{ A model for computer simulations of the Fricke dosimeter}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)/01--27 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl82a,
  author={S C Klevenhagen and G D Lambert and A Arbabi},
  title={{Backscattering in electron beam therapy for energies between 3 and
     35 MeV}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={27},
  pages={363 -- 373},
  location={\pdf},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/27/363},
  year={1982}
}

@article{Kl85,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen},
   title     = {{ A Pulse Radiolysis Determination of the Spur Temperature}},
   journal   = {Radiation Protection Dosimetry},
   pages     = {141 -- 144},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRS85},
   notes     = {Radiation micro-dosimetry investigation.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl88,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and G. D.  Smith},
   title     = {{ The Chemical Heat Defect of Water}},
   journal   = {NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, NRC Report 29637},
   pages     = {55 -- 59},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {water calorimeter report IRSp88},
   notes     = {Describes  a comparison of measured and calculated heat defects in aqueous solutions.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl90,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Calibration of Fricke dosimetry by water calorimetry.}},
   journal   = {Proc. 7th symp. on radiation chemistry. (Balaton, Szeplak, Hungary, 1990)},
   year      = {1990},
   keywords  = {a G-value for Fricke from water calorimetry in 20 MV X--rays},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl91,
   author    = {S. C.  Klevenhagen and D.  D'Souza and I.  Bonnefoux},
   title     = {{ Complications in low energy x-ray dosimetry caused by electron contamination}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1111 -- 1116},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {TG61 electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl91a,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen},
   title     = {{ Les esp\`{e}ces primaires dans l'eau irradi\'{e}e}},
   journal   = {J. Chim. Phys.},
   pages     = {747 -- 757},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 88,
   keywords  = {IRS91},
   notes     = {Discusses radiation chemistry of water.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl91b,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Calibration of Fricke Dosimetry by Water Calorimetry}},
   journal   = {Proc. 7th Tihany Symposium on Radiation Chemistry, Hungarian Chem. Society (Budapest)},
   pages     = {543 -- 547},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {IRS91},
   notes     = {Presents a review of Fricke dosimetry including effects of temperature, dose, NaCl etc and a calibration of Fricke dosimeter using water calorimetry.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl91c,
   author    = {S. C.  Klevenhagen},
   title     = {{ Implications of electron backscatter for electron dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1013 -- 1018},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Pwall TG--51 parallel plate},
   notes     = {Points out that in parallel plate chambers there is an electron backscatter effect in electron beams which leads to aa P$_{\rm wall}$ correction},
   location  = {TG--51 Pwall electrons binder}
}

@article{Kl93,
   author    = {S. C.  Klevenhagen},
   title     = {{ Physics and Dosimetry of Therapy Electron Beams}},
   journal   = {Medical Physics Publishing (Madison WI)},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {text book},
   notes     = {Extensive, up to date review of dosimetry using TG--21 like formalism.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl93a,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and P. R. Walker and C. K. Ross and J. Cygler
       and B. Lach},
   title     = {{ Two-stage cell shrinkage and the OER for radiation-induced
       apoptosis of rat thymocytes}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiat. Biol.},
   pages     = {571 -- 581},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 64,
   keywords  = {IRS93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl93b,
   author    = {E. E. Klein and L. M. Chin and R. K. Rice and B. J. Mijnheer},
   title     = {{ The influence of Air Cavities on Interface Doses for
Photon Beams }},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {419 -- 427},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Kl94,
   author    = {S. C.  Klevenhagen},
   title     = {{ An algorithm to include the bremsstrahlung contamination in the determination of the absorbed dose in electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1103 -- 1112},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 39,
   keywords  = {spr stopping-power ratios},
   notes     = {Develops an empirical estimate of the effects of bremsstrahlung in electron beams on stopping-power ratios there.},
   location  = {TG--51 spr binder}
}

@article{Kl94a,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and D.  Marchington and H. C. E.  McGowan},
   title     = {{ H$_2$O$_2$ Determination by the I$^{-}_{3}$ Method and
       by KMnO$_4$ Titration}},
   journal   = {Anal. Chem.},
   pages     = {2921 -- 2925},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 66,
   keywords  = {IRS94},
   notes     = {Calibration of analytical technique used to test water calorimetry simulations.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl94b,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ Water calorimetry: Model and experiment}},
   journal   = {Proc. of NPL Water Calorimetry Workshop},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSp94},
   notes     = {Summary of NRC results modelling radiation chemistry of water.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kl96,
   author    = {N. V. Klassen},
   title     = {{Ice near 0$^\circ$C: radiolysis and absorbed dose calorimetry}},
   journal   = {Radiat. Phys. Chem.},
   pages     = {281 -- 287},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {IRS96}
}

@article{Kl97,
   author    = {N. V. Klassen and L. {Van~der~Zwan} and J. E. Cygler},
   title     = {{ GafChromic MD-55: Investigated as a precision
       dosimeter}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1924 -- 1934},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {IRS97},
   notes     = {Shows that precisions of better than 1\% are achievable
       and that polarization plays an important role in the reading.},
   location  = {\pdf/Kl97.pdf}
}

@article{Kl99,
   author    = {N. V.  Klassen and K. R.  Shortt and J. P. Seuntjens
       and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Fricke dosimetry: the difference between G(Fe$^{3+}$) for
       $^{60}$Co $\gamma$-rays and high-energy x-rays}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1609 -- 1624},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 44,
   keywords  = {IRS99},
   location  = {\pdf/Kl99.pdf}
}

@article{Kn04,
    author = {T. Kn\"{o}\"{o}s and P. Nilsson and P, Bj\"{o}rk},
    title = {{Measurements of output factors with different detector types
        and Monte Carlo calculations of stopping-power ratios for degraded
        electron beams}},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = 49,
    year = 2004,
    pages = {4493--4506},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@conference{Kn07,
  title={{Modelling of an Orthovoltage X-ray Therapy Unit with the EGSnrc Monte Carlo Package}},
  author={T. Kn\"{o}\"{o}s and P. M. Rosensch\"{o}ld and E. Wieslander},
  booktitle={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  volume={74},
  pages={021009},
  year={2007},
  organization={IOP Publishing}
}

@article{Kn81,
   author    = {D. E.  Knuth},
   title     = {{ The art of computer programming, Vol. II}},
   journal   = {(Addison Wesley, Reading Mass.)},
   year      = {1981},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kn96,
   author    = {R. T.  Knight},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose conversion factors for therapeutic
       kilovoltage and megavoltage x-ray beams calculated by
       the Monte Carlo method}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, University of London, UK},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {EGS4r, Medium-energy x-ray dosimetry, ion chamber dosimetry,
       NPL accelerator, mass--energy abs. coeff. ratios TG61},
   notes     = {Uses extensive EGS4 Monte Carlo calculations to study
       various dosimetry related issues.},
   location  = {Dave has copy}
}

@article{Ko05,
   author    = {F. M. Kong and R. K. Ten Haken and K. J. Schipper and M. A,
Sullivan and M. Chen and C. Lopez and G. P. Kalemkerian and J. A. Hayman },
   title     = {{ High Dose Radiation Improved Local Tumor Control and
Overall Survival in Patients with Inoperable/Unresectable Non-Small Cell
Lung Cancer: Long-Term Results of a Radiation Dose Escalation Study }},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {in press},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = {},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ko67,
   author    = {H. Kolbenstvedt},
   title     = {{Simple theory for K-ionization by relativistic electrons}},
   journal   = \jap,
   pages     = {4785 -- 4787},
   year      = {1967},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {EII, K-shell, x-ray, cross section},
   notes     = {simple theory: virtual photo-effect + close collisions},
   location  = {Ernst's TeX/pdf: kolbenstvedt.pdf}
}

@article{Ko72,
   author    = {V. P. Kovalev and V. P. Kharin and V. V. Gordeev and V. I. Isaev},
   title     = {{ Angular distributions of electrons with initial energies of 12–25 MeV behind tungsten, cadmium, and copper barriers}},
   journal   = {Atomic Energy},
   pages     = {1088 -- 1090},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ko81,
   author    = {D. C.  Kocher},
   title     = {{ Radioactive dacay data tables}},
   journal   = {Report DOE/TIC-11026, Department of Energy, USA},
   year      = {1981},
   keywords  = {spectra},
   type      = {Report},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ko92,
   author    = {Ph. G.  Kondev and A. P.  Tonchev and Kh. G.  Khristov and V. E.  Zhuchko},
   title     = {{ Calculation of bremsstrahlung spectra from a thick tungsten radiator as a function of photon energy and angle}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {126 -- 131},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {B71},
   keywords  = {Schiff integrated over angle},
   location  = {DR binder bremsstrahlung calculation}
}

@article{Ko94,
   author    = {A. Kosunen and H. J\"{a}rvinen and P. Sipil\"{a}},
   title     = {{ Optimum calibration of NACP type plane-parallel
       ionization chambers for absorbed dose determinations in low energy
       electron beams}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/cw419 in Proc. of Symp. on Meas. Assurance
       in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {505 -- 513},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   notes     = {Argues that NACP chambers must be calibrated against
       cylindrical chambers in high energy electron beams since calibrations in
       $^{60}$Co lead to  variations of 3--4\%.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kr02,
   author    = {M. Krmar and D. Nikolic and P. Krstonosic and Cora
       and P. Francescon and P. Chiovati and A. Rudic},
   title     = {{ A simple method for bremsstrahlung spectra reconstruction
       from transmission measurements}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {932 -- 938},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {BEAM EGS4j OMEGAj transmission spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {BEAM 2002 binder, bremsstrahlung reconstruction}
}

@article{Kr06a,
    author = { R Kramer and H J Khoury and J W Vieira and V J M Lima},
    title  = {{MAX06 and FAX06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = {2006},
    volume = {51},
    pages = {3331-3346},
    location = {\pdf/Kr06a.pdf}
}

@article{Kr06,
    author = { R Kramer and H J Khoury and J W Vieira and I Kawrakow},
    title  = {{Skeletal dosimetry in the MAX06 and the FAX06 phantoms for external exposure to photons based on vertebral 3D-microCT images}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = {2006},
    volume = {51},
    pages = {6265-6289},
    location = {\pdf/Kr06.pdf}
}

@article{Kr07,
    author = { R Kramer and H J Khoury and J W Vieira and I Kawrakow},
    title  = {{Skeletal dosimetry for external exposure to photons based on microCT images of spongiosa from different bone sites}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = {2007},
    volume = {52},
    pages = {6697-6716},
    location = { }
}

@article{Kr83,
   author    = {H. M.  Kramer},
   title     = {{ The determination of x-ray spectra from attenuation data Part II: Experimental results}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {445 -- 450},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 214,
   keywords  = {attenuation, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {attenuation folder}
}

@article{Kr83a,
   author    = {M.  Kristensen},
   title     = {{ Measured influence of the central electrode diameter and material on the response of a graphite ionization chamber to $^{60}$Co gamma-rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1269},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Pcel TG--51 Pwall},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kr86,
   author    = {G. Krithivas and S. N. Rao},
   title     = {{$N_{gas}$ determination for a parallel-plate ion chamber}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {674 -- 677},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Kr93,
   author    = {T. Kron and A. Elliot and T. Wong and G. Showell and B.
Clubb and P. Metcalfe },
   title     = {{ X-ray surface dose measurements using TLD extrapolation }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {703 -- 711},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Kr93.pdf}
}

@article{Kr93a,
   author    = {M.  Krmar and J.  Slivka and I.  Bikit and M.  Veskovic and L.  Conkic and M.  Bistrovic and A.  Rudic},
   title     = {{ A new method for the measurement of bremsstrahlung spectra}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {533 -- 544},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {attenuation transmission},
   notes     = {Combines transmission analysis with photo-activation to get fit to analytic formula for spectrum.},
   location  = {DR binder on bremm spectral.reconstruction}
}

@article{Kr96a,
  author={A. Krol and D. A. Bassano and C. C. Chamberlain and S. C. Prasad},
  title={{Scatter reduction in mammography with air gap}},
  journal=\mp,
  volume=23,
  pages={1263},
  year={1996},
  publisher={AAPM}
}

@article{Ku04,
   author    = {R.  K\"{u}nzel and S. B. Herdade and R. A. Terini and P. R. Costa},
   title     = {{X-ray spectroscopy in mammography with a silicon PIN photodiode
                 with application to the measurement of tube voltage}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2996 -- 3003},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku82,
   author    = {M. E.  Kuszpet and H.  Feist and W.  Collin and H.  Reich},
   title     = {{ Determination of C$_{\lambda}$ and C$_{E}$ conversion factors and stopping power ratios using calibrated ferrous sulphate dosemeters}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1419 -- 1433},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 27,
   notes     = {Basis of PTB absorbed-dose standard for $^{60}$Co.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku83,
   author    = {H.  Kubo},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose determination with a water calorimeter in comparison with an ionization chamber}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1391 -- 1399},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 28,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku84,
   author    = {S.  Kuhn and P. D.  Eversheim and F.  Hinterberger and P.  von Rossen and R. P.  Trelle},
   title     = {{ Multiple scattering of protons in thick gas targets}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {332 -- 336},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = {B4},
   notes     = {Very good summary of varieties of Moliere theory and demonstrates that Fano's extention for inelastic scattering is the correct one.},
   location  = {DR binder multiple scattering}
}

@article{Ku86,
   author    = {H.  Kubo and L. J. Kent and G. Krithivas},
   title     = {{Determination of $N_{gas}$ and $P_{repl}$ factors from commercially available parallel-plate
       chambers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {908 -- 912},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku89,
   author    = {S. S.  Kubsad and T. R.  Mackie and B. R.  Paliwal and F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculation of electron and secondary photon spectra from a Varian Clinac-2500}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {449},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {EGS4a}
}

@article{Ku89a,
   author    = {H.  Kubo},
   title     = {{ Telescopic measurements of backscatter radiation from secondary collimator jaws to a beam monitor chamber using a pair of slits}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {295 -- 298},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {backscatter gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku90,
   author    = {S. S.  Kubsad and T. R.  Mackie and M. A.  Gehring and D. J.  Misisco and B. R.  Paliwal and M. P.  Mehta and T. J.  Kinsella},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo and convolution dosimetry for stereotactic radiosurgery}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {1027 -- 1035},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {EGS4j accelerator},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku91,
   author    = {H.  Kubo},
   title     = {{$N_{gas}$ values of the Memorial parallel-plate chambers determined in $^{60}$Co and high-energy
       electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {749 -- 752},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku91a,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and Y.  Mahara and T.  Kauri and D.  Santry},
   title     = {{ Fate of plutonium released from the Nagasaki A-bomb, Japan}},
   journal   = {Water Science Technology},
   pages     = {291 -- 300},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRS91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku91aa,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and Y.  Mahara and D.  Santry and S.  Miyahara and J.
       Garrec},
   title     = {{ Geographical distribution of fractionated local fallout  from the Nagasaki A-bomb}},
   journal   = {Environmental Radioactivity},
   pages     = {305 -- 316},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {IRS91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku93,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and T.  Suzuki and D. C.  Santry and Y.  Mahara and J-P.  Garrec},
   title     = {{Effectiveness of Tree Rings for Recording Pu History at
       Nagasaki, Japan}},
   journal   = {J. Environ. Radioactivity},
   pages     = {55 -- 63},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRS93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku95,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and Y.  Mahara and D.  Santry and T.
       Suzuki and S.  Miyahara and M.  Sugahara and J.  Zheng and J-P.  Garrec},
   title     = {{Plutonium mass balance released from the Nagasaki
       A-bomb and the application for future environmental research}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.},
   pages     = {1089 -- 1098},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {IRS95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku95a,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and R.  Koerner and D. Fisher and J.
       Bourgeois and D.  Santry and Y.  Mahara and M.  Sugahara},
   title     = {{Plutonium from Nagasaki A-Bomb as a possible tracer for
       global transport using existing initial conditions and ice cores}},
   journal   = {Ice-core studies of global biogeochemical cycles,
       NATA ASI series},
   pages     = {417 -- 425},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 130,
   keywords  = {IRS95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku96,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and J. Zheng and R. Koerner and D. Fisher and D.  Santry and Y. Mahara and M. Sugahara},
   title     = {{Global transport rates of $^{137}$Cs and $^{239+240}$Pu
       originating from the Nagasaki A-bomb in 1945 as determined from Analysis
       of Canadian Artic Ice Cores}},
   journal   = {Environmental Radioactivity, in press},
   pages     = {289 -- 298},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 40,
   keywords  = {IRS98},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ku96a,
   author    = {A.  Kudo and J. Zheng and I. Cayer and D.  Santry},
   title     = {{The application of artificial radionuclides from Nagasaki
       A-bomb as a global transport tracer at Canadian Artic Ice Caps}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 10-th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference,
       Atomic Energy Society of Japan},
   pages     = {1366 -- 1373},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 2,
   keywords  = {IRSp96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ky06,
   author    = {Y. Kyriakou and T. Riedel and W. A. Kalender},
   title     = {{ Combining deterministic and Monte Carlo calculations for fast estimation
                  of scatter intensities in CT}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4567 -- 4586},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = 51,
   keywords  = {CT scatter, Monte Carlo},
   location  = {}
}

@article{LA88,
   author    = {G.  Luxton and M. A.  Astrahan},
   title     = {{ Output factor constituent of a high-energy photon beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {88 -- 91},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {backscatter},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LB79,
   author    = {C. C.  Ling and P. J.  Biggs},
   title     = {{ Improving the buildup and depth-dose characteristics of high energy photon beams by using electron filters}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {296 -- 301},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 6,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LB80,
   author    = {I.  Lax and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Collimation of high energy electron beams}},
   journal   = {Acta. Radiol. Oncology},
   pages     = {199 -- 207},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {diffusion depth, broad beam},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LB85,
   author    = {I.  Lax and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Electron beam dose planning using gaussian beams}},
   journal   = {Acta. Radiol. Oncology},
   pages     = {75 -- 85},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LC06,
  title={{Correction factors for the INER-improved free-air ionization chambers calculated with the Monte Carlo method}},
  author={U.-T. Lin and C.-H. Chu},
  journal={Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
  volume={64},
  number={5},
  pages={608--614},
  year={2006},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{LC95,
   author    = {X-Q.  Lu and L. M.  Chin},
   title     = {{ A direct approach for the determination of absorbed dose from electron beams using non-water phantoms}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2083 -- 2091},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {EGS4j electron fluence corrections  plastic phantoms},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LI61,
   author    = {K. V. H.  Liden},
   title     = {{ Errors introduced by finite size of ion chambers in
       depth--dose measurements}},
   journal   = {Selected Topics in Radiation Dosimetry. In: Proceedings of
       an International Conference held in Vienna. (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {161 -- 172},
   year      = {1961},
   keywords  = {TG61 displacement effect in kV x--rays},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LJ77,
   author    = {P. M. K.  Leung and H. E.  Johns},
   title     = {{ Use of electron filters to improve buildup characteristics of large fields from Cobalt-60 beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {441 -- 444},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LK02,
   author    = {H. H. Liu and P. Keall },
   title     = {{Point/Counterpoint: D$_m$ rather than D$_w$ should be used in
                Monte Carlo treatment planning}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {922 -- 924},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
 location    = {TG--105 binder \pdf/LK02.pdf},
   keywords  = {TG--105}
}

@article{LM00,
   author    = {M. C Lee and C.-M. Ma},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo characterization of clinical electron beams in
       transverse magnetic fields}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2947--2967},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
   number    = {10},
   keyords   = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{LR94,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Reducing Electron Contamination for Photon-Beam-Quality Specification}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {791 -- 798},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {NRC IRS94 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Calculates factors which correct for the effects of electron
       contamination in radiotherapy beams on measured \% depth dose at
       10 cm. },
   location  = {\pdf/LR94.pdf}
}

@article{LR94a,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron mass scattering powers: Monte Carlo and analytical calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {531 -- 541},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {NRC IRS95 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Presents electron mass scattering powers calculated using Moliere theory, either analytically or using the EGS4 Monte Carlo code and compares them to the ICRU Report 35 values which are significantly different.},
   location  = {\pdf/LR94a.pdf}
}

@article{LR06,
   author    = {D. J. La Russa and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{, An EGSnrc investigation of the PTP correction factor for ion chambers in kilovoltage x-rays}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year  = {2006},
   pages     = {4590 -- 4599},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{LS89,
   author = {M. Ljungberg and S.E. Strand},
   title = {{A Monte Carlo program for the simulation of scintillation camera characteristics}},
   journal = {Comp. Meth. Prog. in Biomedicine},
   volume = {29},
   year = {1989},
   pages = {257--272},
   notes = {A popular home-made code for emission tomography MC
              (Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine)},
   keywords  = {MC-PET}
}

@article{LT83,
   author    = {R. F. Laitano, M. P. Toni},
   title     = {{ The primary exposure standard for $^{60}$Co gamma radiation:
       characteristics and measurements procedures}},
   journal   = {ENEA Report RT/PROT(83)28},
   year      = {1983},
   location  = { }
}

@article{LW74,
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   location  = {DR's 60-Co exposure standards binder}
}

@article{La00a,
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}

@article{La00b,
   author    = {W. Laub and M. Alber and M. Birkner and F. Nusslin},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo dose computation for IMRT optimization }},
   journal   = \pmb,
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   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j},
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}

@article{La01,
   author    = {W. U.  Laub and A. Bakai and F. N\"{u}sslin},
   title     = {{ Intensity modulated irradiation of a thorax phantom:
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       and pencil beam calculation}},
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   volume    = 46,
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}

@article{La01a,
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@article{La01b,
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@article{La02,
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   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
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   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j pirs701 pirs702 },
   notes     = {Complex series of measurements to try to verify Kwall
       calculations.},
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       EGSnrc papers}
}

@article{La37,
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@article{La44,
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@article{La83,
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   keywords  = {electron contamination},
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@article{La83a,
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   title     = {{ Electron beam dose planning using Gaussian beams}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiologica, Suppl 364, ed. A. Brahme},
   pages     = {49 -- 59},
   year      = {1983},
   location  = {binder on e-treatment planning dr}
}

@article{La83b,
   author    = {R. P.  Lambert and J. W.  Jury and N. K.  Sherman},
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   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 214,
   keywords  = {gamma, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{La89,
   author    = {P. D.  LaRiviere},
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   journal   = {Br. J. of Radiology},
   pages     = {473 -- 481},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 62,
   location  = {TG--51 beam quality specification}
}

@article{La92,
   author    = {E. W.  Larsen},
   title     = {{ A theoretical derivation of the condensed history algorithm}},
   journal   = {Ann. Nucl. Energy},
   pages     = {701 -- 714},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {TG--105, Monte Carlo},
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}

@article{La93,
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       H. Nystr\"{o}m and M. Karlsson and H. Svensson},
   title     = {{ Correction factors for calibration of plane-parallel
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   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {39 -- 54},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {Pwall},
   notes     = {Extensive measurements for plane-parallel chambers},
   location  = {DR binder on plane-parallel chambers}
}

@article{La94,
   author    = {M. L\"{u}scher},
   title     = {{ A portable high-quality random number generator for
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   journal   = {Computer Phys. Commun.},
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   volume    = 79,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j random numbers},
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@article{Le00,
   author    = {M. C. Lee and S. B. Jiang and C-M Ma},
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   pages     = {2708 -- 2718},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Le01,
   author    = {M. C. Lee and J. Deng and J. Li and S. B. Jiang and C.-M. Ma},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo based treatment planning for modulated
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   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj xvmcI },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Le03,
    author = {E Lee and J Deasy and I El Naqa and I Kawrakow and I Vicic},
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    journal = {Med.Phys. (abstract)},
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    keywords = {IRSa03},
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@article{Le03a,
   author    = {A. Leal and F. Sanchez-Doblado and R. Arrans and J. Rosello
and E. C. Pavon and J. I. Lagares},
   title     = {{ Routine IMRT verification by means of an automated Monte
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   journal   = \ijrobp,
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   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 56,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj},
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}

@article{Le04,
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and M. Rincon and E. Carrasco and C. Bernal},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo simulation of complex radiotherapy treatments }},
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   volume    = 6,
   keywords  = {},
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@article{Le50,
   author    = {H. W.  Lewis},
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@article{Le52,
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   title     = {{ Zur Mehrfachstreuung von Elektronen in d\"unnen Schichten}},
   journal   = {Z. f\"{u}r Physik},
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   year      = {1952},
   volume    = 132,
   keywords  = {plural elastic scattering theory},
   location  = {Alex's files under Leisegang}
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@article{Le74,
   author    = {L. B.  Levy and R. G.  Waggener and W. D.  McDavid and W. H.  Payne},
   title     = {{ Experimental and calculated bremsstrahlung spectra from a 25-MeV linear accelerator and a 19-MeV betatron}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {62 -- 67},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = 1,
   keywords  = {compton scatter, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Le76,
   author    = {L. B.  Levy and R. G.  Waggener and A. E.  Wright},
   title     = {{ Measurement of primary bremsstrahlung spectrum from an 8-MeV linear accelerator}},
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   pages     = {173 -- 175},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 3,
   keywords  = {compton scatter, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Le83,
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   title     = {{ Fraction of ionization from electrons arising in the wall of an ionization chamber}},
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   pages     = {1 -- 3},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {alpha TG 21},
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@article{Le88,
    author = {T.K. Lewellen and C.P. Anson and D.R. Haynor and R.L. Harrison
              and A.N. Bice and S.F. Schubert and R.S. Miyaoka and
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    title = {{Design of a simulation system for emission tomographs}},
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@article{Le97,
   author    = {A. Leitner and J. Witzani and M. Boutillon and P.
       Allisy-Roberts and F. Delaunay and E. Leroy and P. Lamperti
       and C.  Strachotinsky and I. Csete},
   title     = {{ International comparison of air kerma standards in
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   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {169 -- 175},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {BIPM NIST LPRI BEV OMH OFS},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
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@article{Le98,
   author    = {J.  Lehmann and M.  Lauterbach and U.  Rosenow},
   title     = {{BEAM-generated real spectra versus monoenergetic
       or approximate spectra in the EGS4/PRESTA-II
       calculation of $P_{repl}$ in plane-parallel electron
       chambers}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {A186},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa EGS4a/PRESTA-II Prepl electron},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
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@article{Li00,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and C. Yu and T. Holmes},
   title     = {{ A systematic evaluation of air cavity dose perturbation in
       megavoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1011 -- 1017},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
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   location  = { }
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@article{Li00a,
   author    = {J S Li and T Pawlicki and J Deng and S B Jiang and E Mok and C-M
       Ma},
   title     = {{ Validation of a Monte Carlo dose calculation tool for radiotherapy
       treatment planning}},
   journal   = \pmb,
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   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
   number    = {10},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder \pdf/Li00a.pdf}
}

@article{Li00d,
   author    = {H. H.  Liu and T. R.  Mackie and E. C.  McCullough},
   title     = {{ Modeling photon output caused by backscattered radiation
       into the monitor chamber from collimator jaws using a Monte Carlo technique}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {737 -- 744},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Li00d.pdf}
}

@article{Li01,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and L. Ma and S. Naqvi and  R. Shih and C. Yu},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo dose verification for intensity-modulated arc
       therapy}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2269 -- 2282},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {\pdf/Li01.pdf and
       Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Li01a,
   author    = {H. H. Liu and F. Verhaegen and L. Dong},
   title     = {{ A method of simulating dynamic multileaf collimators using
       Monte Carlo techniques for intensity-modulated radiation therapy}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2283 -- 2298},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {\pdf/Li01a.pdf, Dave's BEAM binder, TG-105 binder}
}

@article{Li01b,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and L. Reiffel and J. Chu and S. Naqvi},
   title     = {{ Conformal photon-beam therapy with transverse magnetic
       fields: A Monte Carlo study}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {127 -- 133},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Li01c,
   author    = {X. A.  Li},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric effects of contrast media for catheter-based
       intravascular brachytherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {757 -- 763},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {EGS4j EGSnrcj OMEGAj pirs701 egsI },
   location  = {EGSnrc binder}
}

@article{Li01d,
   author    = {S.-Y. Lin and T.-C. Chu and J.-M. Lin},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of a clinical linear accelerator}},
   journal   = {Applied Rad'n and Isotopes},
   pages     = {759 -- 765},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 55,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder 2001}
}

@article{Li01e,
   author    = {P. Lindsay and J. Battista and J. {Van~Dyk}},
   title     = {{ The effect of seed anisotropy on brachytherapy dose
                distributions using $^{125}$I and $^{103}$Pd}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {336 -- 345},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   location  = {\pdf, Dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{Li01f,
    author = {X.A. Li and M. Suntharalingam and C. Yu},
    title = {{Dosimetry of source stepping for intravascular brachytherapy}},
    year = 2001,
    journal = {Cardiovasc. Radiat. Med.},
    volume = {2(3)},
    pages = {165--172},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@article{Li02,
   author    = {S.-Y. Lin and T.-C. Chu and J.-M. Lin and C.-Y. Huang},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of surface percent depth dose}},
   journal   = {Applied Rad'n and Isotopes},
   pages     = {505 -- 510},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 56,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   location  = {BEAM binder 2002}
}

@article{Li02a,
    author = {X A LI and O Chibani and B Greenwald and M Suntharalingam},
    title = {{Radiotherapy dose perturbation of metallic esophageal stents}},
    journal = {Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys},
    year = 2002,
    volume = 54,
    pages = {1276 -- 1285},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@article{Li02b,
   author    = {H. H. Liu},
   title     = {{D$_m$ rather than D$_w$ should be used in Monte Carlo
treatment planning. For the proposition }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {922 -- 923},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Li02.pdf}
}

@article{Li02c,
   author    = {J. S. Li and C.-M. Ma and S. B. Jiang and J. Deng and R. A.
Price and S. W. McNeeley and L. Chen adn M. Ding et al.,},
   title     = {{Source modeling and beam commissioning for Siemens phton
beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1230(abstract)},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Li03,
author = {P. E. Lindsay and J. {Van Dyk} and J. J. Battista},
title = {{A systematic study of imaging uncertainties and their impact on
         $^{125}$I prostate brachytherapy dose evaluation}},
year = {2003},
journal = \mp,
volume = {30},
number = {7},
pages = {1897  -- 1908},
keywords = {iodine; radioisotopes; radioactive sources; dosimetry; brachytherapy; cancer; Monte Carlo methods; computerised tomography; diagnostic radiography},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/1897/1},
location = {\pdf, dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{Li03a,
  author={P E Lindsay and V V Moiseenko and J {Van Dyk} and J J Battista},
  title={{The influence of brachytherapy dose heterogeneity on estimates of
\&alpha;/\&beta; for prostate cancer}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={48},
  pages={507 -- 522},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/48/507},
  year={2003},
  location= {dave's brachy binder, \pdf}
}

@article{Li04,
   author    = {J. S. Li and G. M. Freedman and R. Price and L. Wang and P.
Anderson and L. Chen and W. Xiong and J. Yang et al., },
   title     = {{ Clinical implementation of intensity-modulated tangential
beam irradiation for breast cancer }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1023 -- 1031},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Li04.pdf}
}

@article{Li05,
    author = {J S Li and B Shahine and E Fourkal and C-M Ma},
    title = {{A particle track-repeating algorithm for proton beam dose calculation}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {1001--1010},
    keywords = { xvmcv },
}

@article{Li06,
    author = {W. Li and J. Siebers and I. Kawrakow},
    title = {MO-D-224A-06: Fast Monte Carlo-Based Computation of ASi-EPID Dose Images for IMRT Treatment Field Through Phantom},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2006},
    journal = {Medical Physics},
    volume = {33},
    number = {6},
    pages = {2168-2168},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/33/2168/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2241441}
}

@article{Li06a,
  title={{Four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography using an on-board imager}},
  author={T. Li and L. Xing and P. Munro and C. McGuinness and M. Chao andY.  Yang and B. Loo and A. Koong},
  journal={Medical Physics},
  volume={33},
  pages={3825},
  year={2006},
  publisher={AAPM}
}

@article{Li08,
  title={{Scatter kernel estimation with an edge-spread function method for cone-beam computed tomography imaging}},
  author={H. Li and R. Mohan and X. R. Zhu},
  journal={Physics in Medicine and Biology},
  volume={53},
  number={23},
  pages={6729--6748},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Institute of Physics Publishing}
}

@article{Li69,
   author    = {J. J.  Livingood},
   title     = {{ The Optics of Dipole Magnets}},
   journal   = {Academic Press, New York},
   year      = {1969},
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@article{Li82,
   author    = {C. C.  Ling and M. C.  Schell and S. N.  Rustgi},
   title     = {{ Magnetic analysis of the radiation components of a 10 MV photon beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
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@article{Li83,
   author    = {D. Liljequist},
   title     = {{ }},
   journal   = {J. Physics},
   pages     = {1567},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = {D16}
}

@article{Li91,
   author    = {S.  Lindenstruth and A.  Degener and R. D.  Heil and A.  Jung and U.  Kneissl and J.  Margraf and H. H.  Pitz and H.  Schacht and U.  Seemann and R.  Stock and C.  Weeselborg},
   title     = {{ Measurements and simulations of low energy, thick target bremsstrahlung spectra}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research},
   pages     = {293 -- 296},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = {A300},
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Li95,
author = {X. A. Li and M. Soubra and J. Szanto and L. H. Gerig},
title = {{Lateral electron equilibrium and electron contamination in
     measurements of head-scatter factors using miniphantoms and brass caps}},
year = {1995},
journal = \mp,
volume = {22},
pages = {1167 -- 1170},
keywords = {electrons; errors; monte carlo method; phantoms; photon beams; radiation dose distributions; scattering; x-ray dosimetry},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/22/1167/1},
location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Li95a,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and D. W. O.  Rogers and C.-M.  Ma},
   title     = {{ Rapid calculation of sines and cosines: an improved algorithm for EGS4}},
   journal   = {Unpublished draft},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {EGS4r},
   notes     = {Li and Rogers 1995 noted problems in EGS4 for very small
       angles due to the table look ups used.  It can be corrected but once
       trig functions are hard coded, the problem disappears.},
   location  = { }
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@article{Li96,
   author    = {H. H.  Liu and  D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and  T. R.  Mackie and
       E. C.  McCullough},
   title     = {{ Effects of spatial resolution on convolution based photon dose calculation}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1156 (abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96 convolution EGS4a OMEGAa96},
   location  = { }
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@article{Li97,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and D.  Salhani and C.-M.  Ma},
   title     = {{ Characteristics of orthovoltage x-ray therapy beam at
       extended SSD for applications with end plates}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {357 -- 370},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 42,
   keywords  = {NRC EGS4j IRS97 TG61},
   location  = { }
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@article{Li97a,
   author    = {X. A.  Li and C.-M.  Ma and D.  Salhani and O. Agboola},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of a kilovoltage x-ray unit for endocavitary
       radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {(submitted)},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {TG61},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Li97b,
   author    = {H. H.  Liu and T. R.  Mackie and E. C.  McCullough},
   title     = {{Calculating output factors for photon beam radiotherapy
       using a convolution/superposition method based
       on a dual source photon beam model}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1975 -- 1985},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {convolution/superposition dual source output factors
       EGS4j OMEGAj, TG--105},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Li97b.pdf }
}

@article{Li97c,
   author    = {H. H.  Liu and T. R.  Mackie and E. C.  McCullough},
   title     = {{Calculating dose and output factors for wedged photon
       radiotherapy fields using a  convolution/superposition method}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1714 -- 1728},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {convolution/superposition dual source output factors EGS4j
       OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Li97d,
   author    = {H. H.  Liu and T. R.  Mackie and E. C.  McCullough},
   title     = {{A dual source photon beam model used in
       convolution/superposition dose calculations for clinical megavoltage x-ray
       beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1960 -- 1974},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {convolution/superposition dual source output factors
       EGS4j OMEGAj, TG--105},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Li97d.pdf}
}

@article{Li98a,
   author    = {B.  Libby and J.  Siebers and R.  Mohan},
   title     = {{Systematic analysis of Monte Carlo generated phase space
       distributions}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {A186},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa EGS4a phase-space analysis},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Li99,
   author    = {Y. Li and J. Rungis and K.-T. Kim and Y. M. Cho and T. R. McComb
       and J. G. Dunn and L.  {Van~der~Zwan} and D. Hoffman},
   title     = {{  Inter-Laboratory Comparison of High Direct Voltage
       Resistance Dividers}},
   journal   = {IEEE Transactions: Instrumentation and  Measurement},
   pages     = {158 -- 161},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {IRS99},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Li99a,
   author    = {X. A.  Li},
   title     = {{ Peak scatter factors for high energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {962 -- 966},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj PSF},
   location  = {binder PSF TPR TAR etc}
}

@article{Li99b,
   author    = {B. Libby and J. Siebers and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{Validation of Monte Carlo generated phase-space
description of medical linear accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1476 -- 1483},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Li99b.pdf}
}

@article{Lo61,
   author    = {R.  Loevinger and C. J.  Karzmark and M.  Weissbluth},
   title     = {{ Radiation therapy with high energy electrons Part I: Physical considerations 10 to 60 MeV}},
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   year      = {1961},
   volume    = 77,
   keywords  = {backscatter},
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}

@article{Lo70,
   author    = {T. P.  Loftus},
   title     = {{ Standardization of Cesium-137 Gamma-Ray Sources in Terms of
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   journal   = {J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand.},
   pages     = {1 -- 6},
   year      = {1970},
   volume    = {74A},
   keywords  = {137Cs NIST},
   notes     = {NIST report on cavity theory based standardization of
       $^{137}$Cs.},
   location  = {192-Ir binder!}
}

@article{Lo72,
   author    = {K. M.  Lokan and N. K.  Sherman and R. W.  Gillis and W. H.  Henry and R.  Levesque and A.  Nowak and G. G.  Teather; and J. R.  Lundquist},
   title     = {{ Bremsstrahlung Attenuation Measurements in Ilmenite Loaded Concretes}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {193 -- 199},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRS72},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lo80,
   author    = {T. P.  Loftus},
   title     = {{ Standardization of Iridium-192 Gamma-Ray Sources in Terms of Exposure}},
   journal   = {J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand.},
   pages     = {19 -- 25},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 85,
   keywords  = {192Ir NIST},
   notes     = {NIST report on cavity theory based standardization of mCi sources of $^{192}$Ir.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lo80a,
   author    = {G. J. Lockwood and L. E. Ruggles and G. H. Miller and J. A.  Halbleib},
   title     = {{ Calorimetric measurement of electron energy deposition in extended media---Theory versus measurement}},
   journal   = {Sandia report SAND79-0414},
   year      = {1980},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lo81,
   author    = {R.  Loevinger},
   title     = {{ A formalism for calculation of absorbed dose to a medium from photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1 -- 12},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {TG--51 fundamentals},
   notes     = {Formalism which under lay the TG 21 protocol, although not rigorously.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lo81a,
   author    = {G. J. Lockwood and L. E. Ruggles and G. H. Miller and J. A.  Halbleib},
   title     = {{ Electron energy and charge albedos---Measurement versus Monte Carlo theory}},
   journal   = {Sandia report SAND80-1968},
   year      = {1981},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lo84,
   author    = {R.  Loevinger and J. T.  Weaver and P. J.  Lamperti},
   title     = {{ Comments on ``Clarification of proper ion chamber biasing''}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {878},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   notes     = {Defines how polarity is used at NIST.},
   location  = {TG--51 polarity effects}
}

@article{Lo92,
   author    = {E.  Loewenthal and E.  Loewinger and E.  Bar-Avraham and G.  Barnea},
   title     = {{ Measurement of the source size of a 6- and 18-MeV radiotherapy linac}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {687 -- 690},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {TG 54},
   notes     = {Using simple slit technique, measured clinac 1800 and got FWHM of 1.5$\pm$0.1mm for 6 and 18 MV beams. Assumes cylindrical symmetry of source.},
   location  = {DR head scatter binder}
}

@article{Lo94,
   author    = {D. M. J.  Lovelock and C. S.  Chui and J.  Kutcher and R.  Mohan},
   title     = {{ Analysis of the photon beam treatment planning data for a scanning beam machine}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1969 -- 1977},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGA4j},
   notes     = {Includes detailed EGS4 simulation of MM50, photons.},
   location  = {DR binder accelerator calns}
}

@article{Lo94a,
  title={{Scatter compensation in digital chest radiography using the posterior beam stop technique}},
  author={J. Y. Lo and C.E. {Floyd Jr} and J. A. Baker and C. E. Ravin},
  journal=\mp,
  volume={21},
  pages={435},
  year={1994},
  publisher={AAPM}
}

@article{Lo95,
   author    = {D. M. J.  Lovelock and C. S.  Chui and R.  Mohan},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo model of photon beams used in radiation therapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1387 -- 1394},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Describes McRad, a fortran code based on EGS4 to simulate photon beams. Uses profiles to match energy. Does not have bremm splitting nor range rejection as in beam, and paper ignores jaws.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lo98,
   author    = {P. A. Love and D. G. Lewis and I. A. M. Al-Affan and C. W. Smith},
   title     = {{ Comparison of EGS4 and MCNP Monte Carlo codes when calculating
                  radiotherapy depth doses}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1351 -- 1357},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {EGS4j, MCNP},
   notes     = {Finds EGS4 50\% faster than MCNP.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Lu05,
   author    = {W. Lu and G. H. Olivera and M. Chen and P. J. Reckwerdt and
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   title     = {{Accurate convolution/superposition for multi-resolution
dose calculation using cumulative tabulated kernels}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {655 -- 680},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {\pdf/Lu05.pdf}
}

@article{Lu81,
   author    = {T.  Lund},
   title     = {{ An Introduction to the Monte Carlo Method}},
   journal   = {Report HS-RP/067, CERN, Geneva},
   year      = {1981},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ly05,
    author = {J M Lydon},
    title = {{Theoretical and experimental validation of treatment planning for narrow MLC defined photon fields}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {2701-2714},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj OMEGAj },
}

@article{Ly10,
  author={J. E. Lye and D. J. Butler and D. V. Webb},
  title={Monte Carlo correction factors for the ARPANSA kilovoltage free-air
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  number={1},
  pages={11},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0026-1394/47/i=1/a=002},
  year={2010},
}

@article{LP10,
  author={J. Lobo and I. A. Popescu},
  title={Two new DOSXYZnrc sources for 4D Monte Carlo simulations
of continuously variable beam configurations, with applications to RapidArc,
VMAT, TomoTherapy and CyberKnife},
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  volume={55},
  pages={4431 -- 4443},
  year={2010}
}

@article{MA77,
   author    = {J. R.  Marbach and P. R.  Almond},
   title     = {{ Scattered photons as the cause for the observed $d_{max}$ shift with field size in high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {310 -- 314},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MA92a,
   author    = {J.  Medin and P.  Andreo},
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   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {64 -- 75},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {B69},
   keywords  = {protons},
   notes     = {Simple MC shows small effect on sprs for proton beams.},
   location  = {Andreo box}
}

@article{MB03,
  author = {P. Mobit and I. Badragan},
  title= {{Response of LiF-TLD micro-rods around $^{125}$I radioactive
         seed}},
  journal = \pmb,
  volume = {48},
  number = {19},
  pages = {3129 -- 3142},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{MB04,
    author = {P Mobit and I Badragan},
    title = {{An evaluation of the AAPM-TG43 protocol for I-125 brachytherapy saeed}},
  journal = \pmb,
    year = 2004,
    volume = 49,
    pages = {3161 -- 3170},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@article{MB04a,
    author = {P Mobit and I Badragan},
    title = {{Dose perturbation effects in prostate seed implant brachytherapy with I-125}},
  journal=\pmb,
    year = 2004,
    volume = 49,
    pages = {3171 -- 3178},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{MB04b,
  author={P. Mobit and I. Badragan},
  title={{An evaluation of the AAPM-TG43 dosimetry protocol for I-125
           brachytherapy seed}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={49},
  number={14},
  pages={3161 -- 3170},
  year={2004},
  keywords = {EGSnrcj},
 location = {\pdf Dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{MB92,
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   title     = {{ The density effect on electron stopping powers in condensed, granular materials}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0322},
   pages     = {1 -- 10},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {IRSr92},
   notes     = {Theoretical development of equations needed to solve the problem.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MC70,
   author    = {H.  Messel and D. F.  Crawford},
   title     = {{ Electron-photon shower distribution function}},
   journal   = {(Pergamon Press, Oxford)},
   year      = {1970},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MC88,
   author    = {B. J.  Mijnheer and L. M.  Chin},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of orthovoltage X--ray beams.}},
   journal   = {Dosimetry in Radiotherapy IAEA-SM-298/78},
   pages     = {129--140},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 1
}

@article{MC89,
   author    = {B. J.  Mijnheer and L. M.  Chin},
   title     = {{ The effect of differences in data base on the determination of absorbed dose in high-energy photon beams using the AAPM protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {119 -- 122},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   notes     = {Analyzes various corrections to TG 21 protocol implied by using IAEA data set and correct equations.},
   location  = {TG--51 data base binder}
}

@article{Mc08,
    author={Malcolm R McEwen and Iwan Kawrakow and Carl Ross},
    title={{The effective point of measurement of ionization chambers and the
            build-up anomaly in MV x-ray beams}},
    journal = \mp,
    year=2008,
    pages={950 -- 958}
}

@article{Mc09,
author = {Neil A. Mc Parland},
title = {{kV-Cone Beam CT as an IGRT Tool in the Treatment of Early Stage Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review}},
journal = {Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences},
volume = {40},
number = {1},
pages = {9 -- 14},
year = {2009},
issn = {1939-8654},
doi = {DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2008.12.002},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JHS-4VT0V8J-5/2/fcd7f26d5b8bc4b04375cea42cb41335}
}

@article{MCNPX23,
   author    = {L. S. {Waters~(Editor)}},
   title     = {{MCNPX User’s Manual}},
   journal   = {Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-UR-02-2607 (Los Alamos, NM)},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {MCNPX}
}

@article{MG92,
   author    = {C. S.  Mayo and B.  Gottschalk},
   title     = {{ Temperature coefficient of open thimble chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {289 -- 291},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {TG--51},
   notes     = {Shows that the A-150 walled chambers do not follow ideal
       gas law corrections because of thermal coefficients of expansion being
       non-negligible.}
}

@article{MH90,
   author    = {M. F.  Moyers and J. L.  Horton},
   title     = {{ Determination of the neutron and photon spectra of a clinical fast neutron beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {607 -- 614},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = {very crude of no real interest re photons},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{MH92,
   author    = {M.  Morawska-Kaczynska and H.  Huizenga},
   title     = {{ Numerical calculation of energy deposition by broad high-energy electron beams: II. Multi-layered geometry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {2103 -- 2116},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   location  = {DRs electron treatment planning binder}
}

@article{MI75,
   author    = {E. J.  McGrath and D. C.  Irving},
   title     = {{ Techniques for Efficient Monte Carlo Simulation, Vols. I, II, and  III}},
   journal   = {Report ORNL-RSIC-38, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee},
   year      = {1975},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MJ99,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and S. B. Jiang},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo modelling of electron beams from medical
       accelerators}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {R157-R189},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = {44},
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   notes     = {Charlies review article, TG-105 binder, \pdf/MJ99.pdf}
}

@article{MK03,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Calculations for plane-parallel ion chambers
       in $^{60}$Co beams using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {179 -- 189},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {30},
   keywords  = {IRS03 EGSnrcj EGS4j pirs701 egsI egs_II ik_misc2 pirs702 xvmcv},
   location  = {\pdf/Ma02.pdf}
}

@article{MK06,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Efficient x-ray tube simulations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2683 -- 2690},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = {33},
   keywords  = {EGSnrc, x-rays, efficiency, DBS},
   location  = {}
}

@article{MK06a,
    author = {E Mainegra-Hing and I Kawrakow},
    title = {TU-D-224C-08: Effect of Different Physical Processes and Data Sets On HVL Calculations},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2006},
    journal = {Medical Physics},
    volume = {33},
    number = {6},
    pages = {2200-2200},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/33/2200/2},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2241566}
}


@article{MK08,
    author = {E Mainegra-Hing and I Kawrakow},
    title = {Fast Monte Carlo calculation of scatter corrections for CBCT images},
    publisher = {IOP Publishing},
    year = {2008},
    journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
    volume = {102},
    number = {012017},
    pages = {012017},
    url = {http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1742-6596/102/1/012017/jpconf8_102_012017.pdf?request-id=5837178c-d2a6-41df-8987-14245360c97a},
    doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/102/1/012017}
}

@article{MK08a,
    author = {E Mainegra-Hing and I Kawrakow},
    title = {TU-EE-A4-05: Influence of Photon Scatter Modeling On Image Reconstruction Accuracy in CBCT},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2008},
    journal = \medphys,
    volume = {35},
    number = {6},
    pages = {2914-2914},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2962627}
}

@article{MK08b,
    author = {E Mainegra-Hing and N Reynaert  and I Kawrakow},
    title = {Novel approach for the Monte Carlo calculation of free-air chamber correction factors},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2008},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {35},
    number = {8},
    pages = {3650-3660},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2955551},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2955551}
}

@article{MK10,
Author = {E Mainegra-Hing and I Kawrakow},
Title = {{Variance reduction techniques for fast Monte Carlo CBCT scatter
   correction calculations}},
Journal = {{\pmb}},
Year = {{2010}},
Volume = {{55}},
Number = {{16}},
Pages = {{4495-4507}},
Month = {{AUG 21}},
DOI = {{10.1088/0031-9155/55/16/S05}},
ISSN = {{0031-9155}},
Unique-ID = {{ISI:000280562100005}},
}

@article{MK89,
   author    = {K. Muller-Sievers and B. Kober},
   title     = {{ Considerations on recombination losses in ionization
       chambers using pilsed electron beams with beam scanning}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Rad. Oncol. Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {1323 -- 1325},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{MN84,
   author    = {L. O.  Mattsson and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Concerning comparisons of electron beam absorbed dose measurements in water and polystyrene}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {85 -- 87},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {plastic fluence correction factors TG--51 plastic phantoms},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN91,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{  Bragg-Gray theory and ion chamber dosimetry for photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {413 -- 428},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {TG61 EGS4j Monte Carlo},
   notes     = {Shows that there are a large number of photon interactions in the gas cavity of an ion chamber.},
   location  = {DR 192Ir binder}
}

@article{MN92,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ A new algorithm for EGS4 low-energy electron transport to account for the change in discrete interaction cross-section with energy}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {319 -- 330},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {B72},
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {A patch is proposed for the "logic error" in EGS4 electron
       transport for low AE values.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN92a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated correction factors for ion chamber dosimetry in medium-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {Report to the IPSM working party on kilovoltage x-ray dosimetry (Sutton: ICR)},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN93,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Dose conversion and wall correction factors for Fricke
       dosimetry in high-energy photon beams: analytical model and
       Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {93 -- 114},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   location  = {\pdf/MN93.pdf}
}

@article{MN93a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Effect of size and composition of central electrode on the
       response of cylindrical ionisation chambers in high-energy
       photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {267 -- 290},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {EGS4j, Central electrode corrections, Ionisation chambers,
       Radiation dosimetry},
   location  = {TG--51 Pcel \pdf/MN93a.pdf}
}

@article{MN93b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Correction factors for Fricke dosimetry in
       high-energy electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {423 -- 438},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {The glass-wall effect for Fricke dosimetry in electron beams
       was studied.},
   location  = {\pdf/MN93b.pdf}
}

@article{MN93e,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Calculation of absorbed dose ratios using correlated
       Monte Carlo sampling}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1189 -- 1199},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Calculation efficiency and accuracy with correlated sampling is discussed.},
   location  = {\pdf/MN93e.pdf}
}

@article{MN93h,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Plane-parallel chambers in electron beams: Monte Carlo findings on the perturbation factor}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on
       measurement assurance in dosimetry'' (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {481 -- 493},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {EGS4p TG--51 parallel plate},
   notes     = {Investigates depth dependence of fluence perturbation factors for plane parallel chambers.  Values not unity as usually assumed.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN94,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated correction factors for a NE2571 chamber in medium-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry'' (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {371 -- 382},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TG61, IRS94,EGS4p, Medium-energy x-ray dosimetry, Ion chamber dosimetry},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN94a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Investigation of the new prototype of NPL design of
       plane-parallel chamber}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on
       measurement assurance in dosimetry'' (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {495 -- 504},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRS94 EGS4p  Electron dosimetry, ionisation chamber dosimetry, plane-parallel chamber},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN94b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Plane-parallel chambers in electron beams: Monte Carlo findings on perturbation correction factor}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on measurement assurance in dosimetry" (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {481 -- 493},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRS94 TG--51 Prepl corrections},
   notes     = {Investigates depth dependence of fluence perturbation factors for plane parallel chambers.  Values not unity as usually assumed.},
   location  = {Prepl binder}
}

@article{MN94c,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and A. E. Nahum},
   title     = {{ A correlated sampling method for Monte Carlo radiation transport and its implementation is the EGS4 code system}},
   journal   = {Technical Report PIRS--421, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {EGS4r IRSr94},
   notes     = {Describes the implementation of the correlated sampling technique in EGS4.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MN95,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated stem effect corrections for NE2561 and NE2571 chambers in medium-energy x-ray beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {63 -- 72},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 40,
   keywords  = {EGS4j}
}

@article{MN95a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Calculations of ion chamber displacement effect corrections for medium-energy x-ray dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {45 -- 62},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 40,
   keywords  = {EGS4j}
}

@article{MO65,
   author = {K. Mork and H. Olsen},
   title = {{Radiative Corrections: I. High-Energy Bremsstrahlung and
       Pair Production}},
   journal = {Phys. Rev.},
   volume  = {140},
   pages = {B1661--B1674},
   year = {1965}
}

@article{MP09,
author = {Martin J. Murphy and Damodar Pokhrel},
title = {Optimization of an adaptive neural network to predict breathing},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2009},
journal = \mp,
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {40-47},
keywords = {adaptive filters; biology computing; learning (artificial intelligence); optimisation; pneumodynamics},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/36/40/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.3026608}
}


@article{MR00,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and B.  Walters},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZ00 Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0509B(revE)},
   year      = {2000},
   keywords  = {IRSr00 EGS4r OMEGAr BEAM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR04a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAMDP Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509c(rev A)},
   year      = {2004},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 OMEGAr BEAM EGS4r EGSnrcMPr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR04b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAMDP as a General-Purpose Utility}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509e(rev A)},
   year      = {2004},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 BEAM OMEGAr EGS4r EGSnrcMPr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR06,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and  D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ On the accuracy of techniques for obtaining the calibration
coefficient N$_k$ of ${192}^$Ir HDR brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {3340 -- 3347},
   year      = {2006},
   volume    = {33},
   keywords  = {Ir-192, x-rays, Nk, brachytherapy, calibration procedures},
   location  = {}
}

@article{MR10,
   author    = {B. R. Muir and  D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculations of kQ, the beam quality conversion factor }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {5939 -- 5950},
   year      = {2010},
   volume    = {37},
   keywords  = {kQ, Co-60, TG-51},
   location  = {}
}

@article{MR37,
   author    = {W. V. Mayneord and J. E. Roberts},
   title     = {{ An attempt at precision measurements of gamma rays}},
   journal   = {The British Journal of Radiology},
   pages     = {365 -- 386},
   year      = {1937},
   volume    = {10(113)},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR83,
   author    = {H.  Mach and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{An Absolutely Calibrated Source of 6.13 MeV Gamma-rays}},
   journal   = {IEEE Trans. on Nuclear Science},
   pages     = {1514 -- 1517},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = {NS-30},
   keywords  = {IRS83 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Presents an absolute comparison of calculated and
       measured NaI response functions and shows excellent agreement.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR84,
   author    = {H.  Mach and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A Measurement of Absorbed Dose to Water per Unit Incident 7~MeV Photon Fluence}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1555 -- 1570},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {IRS84 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Presents only measured comparison of  incident photon fluence and absorbed dose in a phantom.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR95,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated wall correction factors for
       plane-parallel chambers in high-energy electron beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {672},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {EGS4a TG--51 Prepl Pwall  IRSa95},
   notes     = {This is abstract for MR95b},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR95a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAMDP Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509c},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 OMEGAr BEAM EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR95b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAMDP as a General-Purpose Utility}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509e},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 BEAM OMEGAr EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR95c,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated wall correction factors for plane-parallel chambers in high-energy electron beams}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1995 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {117 -- 118},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {EGS4a TG--51 Pwall Prepl  IRSe95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MR98,
   author    = {M. S. MacPherson and C. K. Ross},
   title     = {{A Magnetic Spectrometer for Electron Energy Calibration}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 617},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSr98}
}

@article{MS66,
   author    = {R. L.  McGuire and C. W.  Sandifer},
   title     = {{ Rejection of NaI pulse pile-up in LINAC bremsstrahlung measurements}},
   journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
   pages     = {315 -- 320},
   year      = {1966},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {NaI, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{MS83,
   author    = {A. C.  McEwan and V. G.  Smyth},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo technique for evaluation of cavity ionization chamber correction factors}},
   journal   = {NRL Report Number 1983/7, Christchurch, New Zealand},
   year      = {1983},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, Ion chamber calculations},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MS84,
   author    = {A. C.  McEwan and V. G.  Smyth},
   title     = {{ Comments on ``Calculated response and wall correction factors for ionization chambers exposed to
       $^{60}$Co gamma-rays"}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {216 -- 218},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, Ion chamber calculations},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MS84a,
   author    = {A. C.  McEwan and V. G.  Smyth},
   title     = {{ Comments on ``Calculated response and wall correction factors for ionization chambers exposed to $^{60}$Co gamma-rays"}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {216 -- 218},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, Ion chamber calculations},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MS96,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Correction factors for water-proofing sleeves in kilovoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1507 -- 1513},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {IRS97 TG61},
   notes     = {reports on MC calc and measurements for 3 sleeve materials},
   location  = {\pdf/MS96.pdf }
}

@article{MS98,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Mass-energy absorption coefficient and backscatter factor
       ratios for kilovoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {131 - 143},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 44,
   keywords  = {IRS99 TG61},
   notes     = {reports on ratios of muen and BSF for biological tissues},
   location  = { }
}

@article{MS99,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Correction factors for ion chamber waterproofing sleeves in Kilovoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of a workshop on Kilovoltage X-ray Beam Dosimetry,
       Stanford University, April 1997},
   pages     = {179 -- 194},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, TG61, IRSp99},
   location  = {IRSp99}
}

@article{MS99b,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Ratios of Mass Energy-Absorption Coefficients and Backscatter
       Factors for Biological Tissues}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of a workshop on Kilovoltage X-ray Beam Dosimetry,
       Stanford University, April 1997},
   pages     = {261 -- 278},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, TG61, IRSp99}
}

@article{MT99,
  author={C McKerracher and D I Thwaites},
  title={{Assessment of new small-field detectors against standard-field
     detectors for practical stereotactic beam data acquisition}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={44},
  number={9},
  pages={2143 -- 2160},
  year={1999},
  keywords = {},
  location = {binder on small field dosimetry}
}

@article{MU49,
   author    = {{N. Metropolis and S. Ulham}},
   title     = {{The Monte Carlo Method}},
   journal   = \jasa,
   pages     = {335 -- 341},
   year      = {1949},
   volume    = 44
}

@article{MW55,
   author    = {W. S.  Michel and C. N.  Whyte},
   title     = {{ International Comparisons of the Canadian Primary Radium Standard}},
   journal   = {Canadian Journal of Physics},
   pages     = {521 -- 528},
   year      = {1955},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {IRS55},
   notes     = {Compariosns with the NPL and NBS (now NIST)},
   location  = {\pdf/MW55.pdf}
}

@article{MW85,
   author    = {B. J.  Mijnheer and J. R.  Williams},
   title     = {{ Comments on dry air or humid air values for physical parameters used in the AAPM protocol for photon and electron dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {656 -- 658},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   notes     = {Points out the 0.5\% error in TG 21 in the way it handles humidity corrections for effects on physical data (W/e, m, L/$\rho$).},
   location  = {TG--51 humidity effects binder}
}

@article{MW86,
   author    = {J. A.  Meli and M. S.  Weinhous},
   title     = {{ Collection efficiency of an ionisation chamber in a pulsed swept beam: chamber size effects}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1139 -- 1146},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {recombination},
   notes     = {Shows that for practical cases, collection efficiency is independent of chamber size.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{MZ91,
   author    = {G.  Marsaglia and A.  Zaman},
   title     = {{ A new class of random number generators}},
   journal   = {Annals of Applied Probability},
   pages     = {462 -- 480},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 1,
   keywords  = {EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma00,
   author    = {C-M Ma and T. Pawlicki and S. B. Jiang and J S Li and J Deng
       and E Mok and A Kapur and L Xing and L Ma and A L Boyer},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo verification of IMRT dose distributions from a
       commercial treatment planning optimization system}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2483 -- 2495},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder, TG-105 binder \pdf/Ma00.dpf}
}

@article{Ma00b,
   author    = {D. Marre and I. H. Ferreira and A. Bridier and A Bjoreland
       and H. Svensson and A Dutreix and J. Chavaudra},
   title     = {{ Energy correction factors of LiF power TLDs irradiated in
       high-energy electron beams and applied to mailed dosimetry for quality
       assurance networks}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3657 -- 3674},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's TLD binder}
}

@article{Ma01,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{Revision of correction factors for calibration of
       plane-parallel ionization chambers in $^{60}$Co photon beams using EGSnrc
       Monte Carlo simulation system}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)/01--28 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01 EGSnrcr EGS4r},
   notes     = {COMP paper submitted also to CCRI},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma01a,
   author    = {J Mazurier and J. Gouriou and B. Chauvenet and J. Barthe},
   title     = {{Calculation of perturbation correction factors for some
       reference dosimeters in high-energy photon beams with the
       Monte Carlo code PENELOPE}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1707 -- 1717},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   location  = {Dave's LNHB binder, \pdf/Ma01a.pdf}
}

@article{Ma01b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and B. Walters},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509b(revF)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01 EGS4r eGSnrcr OMEGAr BEAM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma01c,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and D. W. O.  Rogers and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Revision of correction factors for calibration of
       plane-parallel ionization chambers in $^{60}$Co photon beams
       using EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulation system}},
   journal   = {Proc. of 2001 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {76 -- 78},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSe01 EGSnrcp EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma01d,
   author    = {G. Malataras and C. Kappas and D. M. J. Lovelock},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo approach to electron contamination sources
       in the Saturne-25 and -41}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2435 -- 2446},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = {Uses the Memorial MCRAD code for the accelerator but DOSXYZ
       for in phantom},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder \pdf/Ma01d.pdf}
}

@article{Ma02,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Calculations for plane-parallel ion chambers
       in $^{60}$Co beams using the EGSnrc Monte Carlo code}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {179 -- 189},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {30},
   keywords  = {IRS03 EGSnrcj EGS4j pirs701 egsI egs_II ik_misc2 pirs702 xvmcv},
   location  = {\pdf/Ma02.pdf}
}

@article{Ma02b,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and  J. S. Li and T Pawlicki and S. B. Jiang and J.
       Deng and M. C. Lee and T.  Koumrian and M. Luxton and S. Brain},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo dose calculation tool for radiotherapy
       treatment planning}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1671 -- 1690},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {EGS4j OMEGAj xvmcI ik_misc },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder \pdf/Ma02b.pdf}
}

@article{Ma02ba,
   author    = {C. Martens and N. Reynaert and C. {De Wagter} and M. Coghe and
       H. Palmans and H. Thierens and W. {De Neve}},
   title     = {{ Underdosage of the upper-airway mucosa for small fields as
       used in in IMRT: A comparison between radiochromic film
       measurements, Monte Carlo simulations and collapsed
       cone convolution calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1528 -- 1535},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder 2002, TG-105 binder /pdf\Ma02ba.pdf}
}

@article{Ma02c,
   author    = {E-M Hing and D W O Rogers and I Kawrakow},
   title     = {On the accuracy of current methods for calibrating Ir-192 HDR
       brachytherapy sources},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1319},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSa02}
}

@article{Ma02d,
   author    = { M. H.  Marechal and C. E.  {de Almeida} and I. H. Ferreira
               and C. H. Sibata},
   title     = {{ Experimental derivation of wall correction factors for
                ionization chambers used in high dose rate $^{192}$Ir source calibration}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1 -- 5},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {calibration of HDR Ir sources},
   notes     = {This paper is conceptually wrong, using linear
              extrapolation and ignoring $\beta_{cep}$ altogether. Misquotes our 1990 paper as
              showing agreement between calculated and measured values of
              A$_{\rm wall}$.},
   location  = {Daves 192-Ir binder}
}

@article{Ma05,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing and D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Calculation of energy deposition kernels for photons and
dose point kernels for electrons}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {685 -- 699},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = {32},
   keywords  = {IRS05 EGSnrcj EGS4j ik_misc},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ma05a,
    author = {C-M Ma and J S Li, S B Jiang and T Pawlicki and W Xiong and L H Qin and J Yang},
    title = {{Effect of statistical uncertainties on Monte Carlo treatment planning}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {891--907},
    keywords = { xvmcI ik_misc },
}

@article{Ma08,
   author    = {A. Malusek and M. Sandborg and G. A. Carlsson},
   title     = {{ CTmod-A toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of projections including scatter in computed tomography}},
   journal   = {Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine},
   pages     = {167 -- 178},
   year      = {2008},
   volume    = 90,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ma11,
   author    = {Ernesto Mainegra-Hing},
   title     = {{Efficient Monte Carlo simulations in kilovoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = {Ph.D Thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada},
   year      = {2011},
   keywords  = {EGSnrc, x-rays, HVL, FAC and CBCT scatter corrections},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma61,
   author    = {B.  Markus},
   title     = {{ Beitrage zur Entwicklung der Dosimetrie schneller Elektronen}},
   journal   = {Strahlentherapie},
   pages     = {280 -- 286},
   year      = {1961},
   volume    = 116
}

@article{Ma68,
   author    = {G.  Marsaglia},
   title     = {{ Random numbers fall mainly in the planes}},
   journal   = {Nat. Acad. Sci.},
   pages     = {25 -- 28},
   year      = {1968},
   volume    = 61,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma78,
   author    = {W. B.  Mann and A. P.  Baerg and J. C.  Brantley and R. L.  Heath and B.  Kahn and H. H.  Ku and A. A.  Moghissi},
   title     = {{ A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurement Procedures}},
   journal   = {Pub. No. 58, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.  Washington, D.C. 20014, U.S.A.},
   year      = {1978},
   keywords  = {IRS78},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma81a,
   author    = {L. O.  Mattsson and K. A.  Johansson and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{ Calibration and use of plane-parallel ionization chambers for the determination of absorbed dose in electron beams}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol.},
   pages     = {385 -- 399},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {electron fluence correction factors TG--51 parallel plate},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma82,
   author    = {O.  Mattsson and K.-A.  Johansson and H.  Svensson},
   title     = {{  Ferrous Sulphate Dosimeter for control of ionization chamber dosimetry of electron and $^{60}$Co ~gamma beams}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Oncol.},
   pages     = {139 -- 144},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {Fricke},
   location  = {Olle's Thesis}
}

@article{Ma84,
   author    = {L. O.  Mattsson},
   title     = {{ Application of the water calorimeter, Fricke dosimeter and
       ionization chamber in clinical dosimetry}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, U of Gothenburg},
   year      = {1984},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma85,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and J. W.  Scrimger and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ A convolution method of calculating dose for 15 MV x-rays}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {188 -- 196},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {TG--105, Monte Carlo},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ma85.pdf }
}

@article{Ma85a,
   author    = {O.  Mattsson},
   title     = {{ Comparison of different protocols for the dosimetry of high-energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = {Radiother. Oncol.},
   pages     = {313 -- 318},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 4,
   notes     = {Compares various protocols for photon and electron beams using Fricke dosimeter as the standard.  Reports significant problems for clean vs dirty electron beams.},
   location  = {TG--51 comparisons binder}
}

@article{Ma85b,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ Generation of photon dose spread arrays using the EGS4 Monte Carlo code}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {515},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRSa85 EGS4a}
}

@article{Ma85c,
   author    = {L. O.  Mattsson},
   title     = {{ Comparison of water calorimetry and ionization chamber dosimetry in 100 and 200 kV x--ray beams}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(1)},
   pages     = {85 -- 115},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {TG61},
   notes     = {Early water calorimeter measurements in X--rays, open calorimeter, heat--defect},
   location  = {Jan}
}

@article{Ma86,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ Fundamental dosimetry information obtained from dose spread arrays}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {592},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRSa86 EGS4a}
}

@article{Ma87,
   author    = {C.  Manfredotti and U.  Nastasi and R.  Ragona and S.  Anglesio},
   title     = {{ Comparison of three dimensional Monte Carlo simulation and the pencil beam algorithm for an electron beam from a linear accelerator}},
   journal   = {Nucl.  Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {355 -- 359},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = {A255},
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Uses mono-energetic electron beam, square field and rectangular voxels.},
   location  = {DR binder electron treatment planning}
}

@article{Ma88,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ Generation of energy deposition kernels using the EGS Monte Carlo code}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med.  Biol.},
   pages     = {1 -- 20},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j convolution IRS88},
   notes     = {Description of a large data base for convolution treatment planning algorithms and analysis of the data.},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ma88.pdf}
}

@article{Ma88a,
   author    = {Y.  Mahara and A.  Kudo and T.  Kauri and D. C.  Santry and S.  Miyahara},
   title     = {{ Mobile Pu in Reservoir Sediments of Nagasaki, Japan}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {107 -- 111},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 54,
   keywords  = {IRS88},
   notes     = {Accurate measurements allow environmental assessment.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma88b,
   author    = {O.  Mattsson},
   title     = {{ Water Calorimetry at the Radiation Physics Dept.  G\"{o}teborg}},
   journal   = {NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, NRC Report 29637},
   pages     = {17 -- 24},
   year      = {1988},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma89,
   author    = {E.  Mah and J.  Antolak and J. W.  Scrimger and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ Experimental evaluation of a 2D and a 3D electron pencil beam algorithm}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1179 -- 1194},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {Fermi-Eyges},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma89a,
   author    = {E.  Mah and J.  Antolak and J. W.  Scrimger and J. J.  Battista},
   title     = {{ Experimental evaluation of a 2D and 3D electron pencil beam algorithm}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1179 -- 1194},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {treatment planning},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma90,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Applications of the Monte Carlo Method in Radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {in Vol. III of ``Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation'' eds. K. Kase, B. Bj\"{a}rngard  and F. H. Attix  (Academic Press, New York)},
   pages     = {541 -- 620},
   year      = {1990},
   keywords  = {EGS4c  review},
   notes     = {Extensive review including many EGS4 applications.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma90a,
   author    = {G.  Marsaglia and A.  Zaman and W. W.  Tsang},
   title     = {{ Toward a universal random number generator}},
   journal   = {Statistics and Probability Letters},
   pages     = {35 -- 39},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma90b,
   author    = {C.  Manfredotti and U.  Nastasi and R.  Marchisio and C.  Ongaro and G.  Gervino and R.  Ragona and S.  Anglesio and G.  Sannazzari},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of dose distribution in electron beam radiotherapy treatment planning}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {646 -- 654},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = {A291},
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {First electron beam treatment planning with Monte Carlo, simple input beam.},
   location  = {DR binder on electron treatment planning}
}

@article{Ma90c,
   author    = {C.  Malamut and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Explicit treatment of positrons in the calculation of stopping-power ratios}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {536},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRSa90}
}

@article{Ma90d,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and S. S.  Kubsad and D. W. O.  Rogers
       and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA project: Electron dose planning using Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {730},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRSa90 EGS4a OMEGAa}
}

@article{Ma90e,
   author    = {Maiello, M. L. and Gulbin, J. F. and {de Planque}, G. and
       Heaton, H. T.},
   title     = {{ International Mini-Intercomparison Investigating an
       Under-Response of TLDs Calibrated with $^{137}$Cs}},
   journal   = {Rad. Prot. Dos.},
   pages     = {175 -- 178},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = {34},
   abstract  = { }
}

@article{Ma90f,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and S. S. Kubsad and  P. J.  Reckwerdt and
       T. J. Kinsella and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ The Ottawa-Madison Electron Gamma Algorithm (OMEGA) Project:
       Feasibility of Two Monte Carlo Techniques}},
   journal   = {In ``Proc. of the X'th Conf. on the Use of Comp. in Radiation
       therapy'' Lucknow, India},
   pages     = {250 -- 253},
   year      = {1990},
   keywords  = {IRSe90 EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma91,
   author    = {C.  Malamut and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Calculation of water/air stopping-power ratios using EGS4 with
       explicit treatment of electron - positron differences}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1222 -- 1228},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo IRS91 TG61 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Shows that electron-positron differences have no effect
       on water to air stopping-power ratios and also that in electron
       beams there is a previously unreported 2\% surface effect related
       to build-up.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ma91.pdf}
}

@article{Ma91a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum and D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated wall correction and absorbed dose conversion factors for Fricke dosimetry using NRC vials}},
   journal   = {NRCC Report PIRS285},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {EGS4r IRSr91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma92,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of dosimeter response using transputers}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, London University (Institute of Cancer Research), also available as Int. Report ICR-PHYS-1/92 (Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK: Physics Dept, Royal Marsden Hospital, 1992)},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {TG61},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma93,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross and A. E.  Nahum and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Wall correction and absorbed dose conversion factors for Fricke dosimetry: Monte Carlo calculations and measurements}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {283 -- 292},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {EGS4j IRS93},
   notes     = {Monte Carlo calculations show that glass walls of Fricke vials have a significant effect on the measured dose and detailed experiments verify the calculations.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ma93.pdf}
}

@article{Ma93b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and R. T.  Knight and A. E.  Nahum and W. P. M.  Mayles},
   title     = {{ Measurement of the $C_e$ factors for the prototype NPL design of plane-parallel chambers}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. submitted},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {Plane-parallel chamber, Electron dosimetry},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma93c,
   author    = {C. M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and B. A.  Faddegon and G. X.  Ding and J. S.  Wei and A. F.  Bielajew and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Simplified models of electron beams from a Clinac 2100C accelerator}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1295 (abstract)},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa IRSa93 EGS4a},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma93d,
   author    = {C. M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Effect of size and composition of
       the central electrode on the response of cylindrical ionization chambers
       in high-energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {267 -- 290},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo },
   location  = {\pdf/MN93a.pdf }
}

@article{Ma93e,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and P. J.  Reckwerdt and C. M.  Wells and
                M. Podgorsak and D. W. O.  Rogers and G. X. Ding and
                B. A. Faddegon and J.  Wei and A. F.  Bielajew and J.  Cygler},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: Comparison Between EGS4 Monte Carlo
       Simulation and Dose Measurements in Standard Heterogeneous Phantoms}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {934 (abstract)},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa93 OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma93f,
author = {T. R. Mackie and T. Holmes and S. Swerdloff and P. Reckwerdt and J. O. Deasy and J. Yang and B. Paliwal and T. Kinsella},
title = {Tomotherapy: A new concept for the delivery of dynamic conformal radiotherapy},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {1993},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
pages = {1709-1719},
keywords = {RADIOTHERAPY; COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY; IMAGE SCANNERS; LINEAR ACCELERATORS; COLLIMATORS},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/20/1709/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.596958}
}

@article{Ma93g,
author = {G. S. Mageras and R. Mohan},
title = {{Application of fast simulated annealing to optimization of conformal radiation treatments}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {1993},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {639-647},
keywords = {RADIOTHERAPY; OPTIMIZATION; PROSTATE; ITERATIVE METHODS; COMPUTER CALCULATIONS},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/20/639/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.597012}
}

@article{Ma94a,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and P. J.  Reckwerdt and C. M.  Wells and J. N.
       Yang and J. O.  Deasy and M.  Podgorsak and M. A.  Holmes and
       D. W. O.  Rogers and G. X.  Ding and B. A.  Faddegon and C.  Ma
       and A. F.  Bielajew and J.  Cygler},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: Comparison among EGS4 electron beam
       simulations, 3-D Fermi-Eyges calculations, and dose measurements}},
   journal   = {In ``Proc. of the XI'th Conf. on the Use of Comp. in
       Radiotherapy'' (Med. Phys. Pub, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {152 -- 153},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSe94 EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma94b,
   author    = {C. M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and G. X.  Ding and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Characterization of Realistic Electron Beams from Three Clinical Accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1367 (abstract)},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma94c,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and J. O.  Deasy and P. J.  Reckwerdt and
       C. M.  Wells and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Cygler},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: Design of a Virtual Clinical Trial to
       Evaluate Monte Carlo Simulation for Electron Beam Planning}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {894 (abstract)},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma94d,
   author    = {C. M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and G. X.  Ding and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Electron beam characterization: Reconstruction models and dose distributions in a homogeneous phantom}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {895},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma94e,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and R. T.  Knight and A. E.  Nahum and W. P. M.  Mayles},
   title     = {{ An investigation of the response of a simple design of plane-parallel chamber}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1593 -- 1608},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 39,
   keywords  = {IRS94,EGS4j,Plane-parallel chamber, Electron dosimetry,  Fluence perturbation factor},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma94f,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma},
   title     = {{ Implementation of a Monte Carlo radiation transport code on a parallel computer system}},
   journal   = {Parallel Computing},
   pages     = {991 - 1005},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {IRS94,EGS4j, parallel-computing, Random number generator},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma94g,
   author    = {G.  Mackay and N.  Whyte and K.  Shortt and I.  Thomson and C. K.  Steeves and A.  Egan},
   title     = {{ Performance of a new direct-reading extremity dosimeter}},
   journal   = {Health Phys. Suppl.},
   pages     = {S37},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 69,
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma95,
   author    = {M. S.  MacPherson and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Energy calibration of the NRCC Electron linear accelerator}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {673},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95}
}

@article{Ma95a,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and T.  R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo investigation of the virtual point source position for electron beams from three clinical linear accelerators}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {948},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa95 BEAM OMEGAa}
}

@article{Ma95b,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and P.  Reckwerdt and M.  Holmes and D. W. O.  Rogers and B.  Geiser},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZ Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509b},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 EGS4r OMEGAr BEAM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma95c,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Beam characterization: a multiple-source model}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509d},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {EGS4r IRSr95 BEAM OMEGAr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma95ca,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma},
   title     = {{ The fluence-to-dose-equivalent conversion factors for 4-element     ICRU tissue, water and PMMA slab phantoms irradiated by external electron     beams}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 490},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma95d,
   author    = {M. S.  MacPherson and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A technique for accurate measurement of electron stopping powers}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {950},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95}
}

@article{Ma95e,
   author    = {Maiello, M. L. and Gulbin, J. F. and {de Planque}, G. and
       Heaton, H. T.},
   title     = {{ Ninth international `mini' intercomparison of environmental
       dosemeters: a further analysis of the data}},
   journal   = {Rad. Prot. Dos.},
   pages     = {167 -- 175},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {58},
   abstract  = { },
   keywords  = {TLD}
}

@article{Ma96,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{Electron beam characterization: spatial resolution and
       computing efficiency}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1141--1142(abs)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96 BEAM EGS4a OMEGAa BEAMDP},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma96b,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and C. W. Coffey and L. A. DeWerd and C. Liu
       and R. Nath and S. M. Seltzer and J. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Status of Kilovoltage X-ray Beam Dosimetry in
       Radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada Report PIRS 0533},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {IRSr96 TG61},
   notes     = {results from survey in North America},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma96c,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and C. W. Coffey and L. A. DeWerd and C. Liu and
       R. Nath and S. M. Seltzer and J. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of kilovoltage x-ray beams for radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1114 (abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Ma96d,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma},
   title     = {{Characterization of Monte Carlo calculated electron
       beams for radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {Radiotherapy \& Oncology,(Suppl 1)},
   pages     = {S33 (abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {40},
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Ma96e,
   author    = {M. S.  MacPherson and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Measured electron stopping powers for elemental absorbers}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {797},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Ma97,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma and B. A.  Faddegon and D. W. O.  Rogers and
       T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ Accurate characterization of Monte Carlo calculated
       electron beams for radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {401 -- 416},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {IRS97 EGS4j OMEGAj xvmcI},
   location  = {\pdf/Ma97.pdf},
   notes     = {Presents a detailed analysis of how to represent the
       beams obtained when doing realistic modelling of linear accelerators.
       },
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ma97.pdf}
}

@article{Ma97c,
   author    = {C-M Ma and E. Mok  and A.  Kapur and D. Findley},
   title     = {{Improvement of small-field electron beam dosimetry using
       Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {159 -- 162},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp Monte Carlo linac simulation EGS4p},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma98,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and X. A. Li and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Study of dosimetry consistency for kilovoltage x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2376 -- 2384},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {IRS98 TG61 ik_misc},
   notes     = {reports on the consistency of in-phantom and in-air method},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma98a,
   author    = {M. S.  MacPherson and C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Accurate Measurements of the Collision Stopping Powers
       for 5 to 30 MeV Electrons}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {A104 (abs)},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {IRSa98}
}

@article{Ma98b,
   author    = {C.  Ma and L.  Ma and L.  Xing  and A.  Kapur and A.  Boyer},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo analysis of the response of a beam imaging
       phantom for IMRT}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {A200},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {OMEGAa EGS4a IMRT},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ma98c,
   author    = {M. S. MacPherson},
   title     = {{PhD Thesis: Accurate Measurements of the Collision
       Stopping Powers for 5 to 30 MeV Electrons}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 626},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSr98},
   location  = {\pdf/thesis/miller_PhD_thesis.pdf}
}

@article{Ma98d,
   author    = {C.-M.  Ma},
   title     = {{Characterization of computer simulated radiotherapy beams
       for Monte Carlo treatment planning}},
   journal   = {Radiation Phys. Chem.},
   pages     = {329 -- 344},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 53,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ma98d.pdf}
}

@article{Ma99a,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and E. Mok and A. Kapur and T. Pawlicki and D.
       Findley and S. Brain and K. Forster},
   title     = {{ Clinical implementation of a Monte Carlo treatment
       planning system}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2133 -- 2143},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj, BEAM, EGS4j},
   location  = {\pdf/Ma99a.pdf, TG-105 binder}
}

@article{Ma99b,
   author    = {C-M Ma and S. B. Jiang},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo modelling of electron beams from medical
       accelerators}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {R157 -- R189},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 44,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Mc01,
   author    = {B. M. C. McCurdy and K. Luchka and S. Pistorius},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric investigation and portal dose image prediction
       using an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {911 -- 924},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Mc01a,
   author    = {J. P. McCaffrey and K. R. Shortt and I. Kawrakow and
       D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Wall attenuation and scatter corrections for ion chambers}},
   journal   = {Proc. of 2001 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {79 -- 81},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSe01 EGSnrcp EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc01b,
   author    = {M. R. McEwen and A. J. Williams and A. R. DuSautoy},
   title     = {{Determination of absorbed dose calibration factors for
       therapy level electron beam ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {741 -- 755},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {NPL absorbed dose standard},
   location  = {Dave's NPL \& TG--51 binders
       \pdf/Mc01b.pdf}
}

@article{Mc03,
   author    = {M. McEwen and J. P. McCaffrey and D. Niven},
   title     = {{ Pre-irradiation of ionization chambers used in x-ray and
       gamma-ray calibrations}},
   journal   = {Proc. of 2003 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   year      = {2003},
   keywords  = {IRSe03},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc03a,
   author    = {P. N. McDermott and T. He and A. DeYoung},
   title     = {{ Dose calculation accuracy of lung planning with a
commercial IMRT treatment planning system }},
   journal   = \jacmp,
   pages     = {341 -- 351},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {TG--105, MCNP},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Mc03a.pdf}
}

@article{Mc04,
   author    = {J. P. McCaffrey and E. Mainegra-Hing and I. Kawrakow and
               K. R. Shortt and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Evidence for using Monte Carlo calculated wall attenuation and
                scatter correction factors for three styles of graphite-walled
                ion chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2491 -- 2501},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 49,
   keywords  = {IRS04 EGSnrcj EGS4j egsI egs_II ik_misc3 },
   location  = {\pdf/Mc04.pdf}
}

@article{Mc05,
  author={J P McCaffrey and B Downton and H Shen and D Niven and M McEwen},
  title={{Pre-irradiation effects on ionization chambers used in radiation
therapy}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={50},
  pages={N121 -- N133},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/N121},
  year={2005},
  keywords = {IRS05},
  location = {\pdf/Mc05.pdf}
}

@article{Mc67,
   author    = {W. H. McMaster and N. Kerr Del Grande and J. H. Mallet
       and N. E. Scofield and R. Cahill and J. H. Hubbell},
   title     = {{ Compilation of x-ray cross sections}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Radiation Laboratory Report},
   year      = {1967},
   keywords  = {x-rays cross sections}
}

@article{Mc77,
  title={{Electron ionization cross sections in the Born approximation}},
  author={McGuire, E.J.},
  journal={Physical Review A},
  volume={16},
  number={1},
  pages={62--72},
  issn={1094-1622},
  year={1977},
  publisher={APS}
}

@article{Mc78,
   author    = {R. C.  McCall and R. D.  McIntyre and W. G.  Turnbull},
   title     = {{ Improvement of linear accelerator depth--dose curves}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {518 -- 524},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = { },
   location  = {Daryoush, binder G2-22}
}

@article{Mc80,
   author = {{A.C.~McEwan}},
   title = {{A theoretical study of cavity chamber correction factors for
             photon beam absorbed dose determination}},
   journal = \pmb,
   year = {1980},
   pages = {39--50},
   volume = {25},
   notes = {Theoretical study of the EPOM}
}
@article{Mc82,
   author = {{A.C.~McEwan}},
   title = {{Corrections for scattered photons in
             free-air ionisation chambers}},
   journal = \pmb,
   year = {1982},
   pages = {375--386},
   volume = {27},
   notes = {Theoretical study of scatter corrections including aperture effects}
}

@article{Mc89a,
   author    = {B. J.  McParland},
   title     = {{ A method of calculating the output factors of
       arbitrarily shaped electron fields}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {88 -- 93},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   keywords  = {output factors},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc89b,
   author    = {B. J.  McParland},
   title     = {{ A derivation of the electron mass scattering power for electron dose calculations}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A},
   pages     = {592 -- 596},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 274,
   keywords  = {electron mass scattering power},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc91,
   author    = {W. K.  McFarlane},
   title     = {{ Benchmarks for the SSCL Physics Simulation Computing Facility}},
   journal   = {SSCL Report SSCL-375},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {SSCL high energy benchmark},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc91a,
   author    = {J.  McLellan and G. A.  Sandison and L.  Papiez and W.  Huda},
   title     = {{ A restricted angular scattering model for electron penetration in dense media}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1 -- 6},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   keywords  = {dose calculations gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc92,
   author    = {E.  McIntosh},
   title     = {{ Benchmarking computers for HEP}},
   journal   = {CERN Report CN/92/13},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {CERN high energy benchmark},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc92a,
  author={A L McKenzie},
  title={Should $^{60}$Co tissue-air ratios be re-evaluated?},
  journal= \pmb,
  volume={37},
  number={7},
  pages={1601-1610},
  year={1992},
  location = {Dave's TAR TPR binder}
}

@article{Mc95,
   author    = {H. C. E.  McGowan and B. A.  Faddegon and C-M Ma},
   title     = {{ STATDOSE for 3D dose distributions}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509f},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {EGS4r IRSr95 OMEGAr DOSXYZ},
   notes     = {This is a revision, to reflect some changes, of a report written several years ago.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mc97a,
  author={A. L. McKenzie},
  title={What is the explanation for the changes to cobalt-60 tissue - air ratios in BJR Supplement 25?},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={42},
  number={6},
  pages={1055 -- 1064},
  year={1997},
  location = {Dave's TPR binder}
}

@article{Me00a,
   author    = {J. R. Mercier and D. T. Kopp and W. D. McDavid and S. B. Dove and J. L. Lancaster and D. M. Tucker},
   title     = {{Modification and benchmarking of MCNP for low-energy tungsten spectra}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2680 -- 2687},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Me01,
   author    = {E. Menghi},
   title     = {{ Simulazione di un acceleratore lineare radioterapico,
       mediante codice Monte Carlo BEAM}},
   journal   = {MSc thesis, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy},
   year      = {March 2001},
   keywords  = {models Saturn 43, 25 MV beam},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Me01a,
   author    = {Y Mejaddem and S Hyodynmaa and R Svensson and A Brahme},
   title     = {{  Photon scatter kernels for intensity modulating radiation
       therapy filters}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3215 -- 3228},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Me04,
   author    = {J Medin and C K Ross and G Stuck and N V Klassen and J P Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Commissioning of an NRC-type sealed water calorimeter at
                METAS using $^{60}$Co $\gamma$-rays}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4073 -- 4086},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 49,
   notes     = {},
  keywords   = {IRS04 ik_misc},
   location  = {Me04.pdf}
}

@article{Me62,
   author    = {H.  Messel and A.  D.  Smirnov and A.  A.  Varfolomeev and
                D.  F.  Crawford and J.  C.  Butcher},
   title     = {{ Radial and angular distributions of electrons in electron-photon
                showers in lead and in emulsion absorbers}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Phys.},
   pages     = {1 -- 88},
   year      = {1962},
   volume    = 39,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Me84,
   author    = {J. A.  Meyer and J. R.  Palta and K. R.  Hogstrom},
   title     = {{ Demonstration of
       relatively new electron dosimetry measurement techniques on the Mevatron
       80}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {670 -- 677},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Me88,
   author    = {A. S.  Meigooni and J. A.  Meli and R.  Nath},
   title     = {{ Influence of the variation of energy spectra with depth in the dosimetry of $^{192}$Ir using LiF TLD}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1159 -- 1170},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   notes     = {TLD sensitivity is shown to vary by 8.5\% between 1 and 10 cm from the source.},
   location  = {DRs binder on 192Ir}
}

@article{Me92,
   author    = {A. S. Meigooni and J. A. Meli and R. Nath},
   title     = {{ Interseed effects on dose for $^{125}$I brachytherapy
               implants}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {385 -- 390},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   location  = {Dave's brachy binder \pdf/Me92.pdf}
}

@article{Me99,
author = {G. S. Merrick and W. M. Butler and A. T. Dorsey and J. H. Lief},
title = {{Potential role of various dosimetric quality indicators in
           prostate brachytherapy}},
year = {1999},
journal = \ijrobp,
volume = {44},
pages = {717 -- 724},
location = {dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{Mi00,
   author    = {M. Miften and M. Wiesmeyer and S. Monthofer and K. Krippner},
   title     = {{ Implementation of FFT convolution and multigrid
       superposition models in the FOCUS RTP system}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {817 -- 833},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = { }
}

@article{Mi01,
   author    = {M. Miften and M. Wiesmeyer and A. Kapur and C.-M. Ma},
   title     = {{ Comparison of RTP dose distributions in heterogeneous
       phantoms with the BEAM Monte Carlo simulation system}},
   journal   = \jacmp,
   pages     = {21 -- 31},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 2,
   keywords  = {TG--105, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {/usr/local/share/bibliog/ pdf_manuscripts/Mi01.pdf, TG-105
binder},
   notes     = {Used BEAM/DOSXYZ to compare to Focus treatment planning
       system for photon beams.}
}

@article{Mi03,
   author    = {B. Miao and R. Jeraj and S. Bao and T. R. Mackie},
   title     = {{Adaptive anisotropic difusion filtering of Monte Carlo
               dose distributions}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2767 -- 2781},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {48},
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Mi03.pdf}
}

@article{Mi82,
   author    = {M. D.  Mills and K. R.  Hogstrom and P. R.  Almond},
   title     = {{ Prediction of electron beam output factors}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {60 -- 68},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {backscatter gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mi85,
   author    = {B. J.  Mijnheer},
   title     = {{ Variations in response to radiation of a nylon-walled ionization chamber induced by humidity changes,}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {625 -- 626},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   notes     = {Draws attention to change in volume of nylon walled chamber due to hygroscopic properties of nylon. Has a direct effect on the calibration.},
   location  = {TG--51 humidity effects binder}
}

@article{Mi85a,
   author    = {M. D.  Mills and K. R.  Hogstrom and R. S.  Fields},
   title     = {{ Determination
       of electron beam output factors for a 20-MeV linear accelerator}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {473 -- 476},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {output factors},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo00,
   author    = {R. Mohan and M. Arnfield and S. Tong and Q. Wu and J.
Siebers},
   title     = {{ The impact of fluctuations in intensity ptterns on the
number of monitor units and the quality and accuracy of intensity modulated
radiotherapy }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1226 -- 1237},
   year      = {27},
   volume    = 2000,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Mo00.pdf}
}

@article{Mo02,
    author = {V Moskvin and C DesRosiers and L Papiez and R Timmerman and M Randall and P DesRosiers},
    title = {{Monte Carlo simulations of the Leksell Gamma Knife: I. Source modelling and calculations in homogeneous media}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2002,
    volume = 47,
    pages = { 1995 -- 2011 },
    keywords = { egsI }
}

@article{Mo04,
    author = {T. T. Monajemi and S. Steciw and B. G. Fallone and S. Rathee},
    title = {{Modeling scintillator-photodiodes as detectors for megavoltage CT}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2004},
   journal   = \mp,
    volume = {31},
    number = {5},
    pages = {1225--1234},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/1225/1}
}

@article{Mo29,
   author    = {N. F.  Mott},
   title     = {{}},
   journal   = {Proc. Royal Society London},
   pages     = {425},
   year      = {1929},
   volume    = {A124},
   keywords  = {cross section theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo32,
   author    = {N. F.  Mott},
   title     = {{}},
   journal   = {Proc. Royal Society London},
   pages     = {429},
   year      = {1932},
   volume    = {A135},
   keywords  = {cross section theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo32a,
   author    = {C.  {M{\o}ller}},
   title     = {{Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Elektronen durch Materie}},
   journal   = {Ann. Phys.},
   pages     = {531--585},
   year      = {1932},
   volume    = 406,
   keywords  = {Moller scattering original paper},
   location  = {doi:10.1002/andp.19324060506}
}

@article{Mo47,
   author    = {G. Z.  Moli\`ere},
   title     = {{ Theorie der Streuung schneller geladener Teilchen. I. Einzelstreuung am abgeschirmten Coulomb-Field}},
   journal   = {Z. Naturforsch},
   pages     = {133 -- 145},
   year      = {1947},
   volume    = {2a},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo48,
   author    = {G. Z.  Moli\`ere},
   title     = {{ Theorie der Streuung schneller geladener Teilchen. II. Mehrfach- und Vielfachstreuung}},
   journal   = {Z. Naturforsch},
   pages     = {78 -- 97},
   year      = {1948},
   volume    = {3a},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering theory},
   notes     = {Theory of the Scattering of Rapid Charged Particles II. Repeated and Multiple Scattering.  Translation AERE Lib/Trans 626.},
   location  = {DR binder on T/$\rho$ has 1955 Harwell translation.}
}

@article{Mo64,
   author    = {J. W.  Motz and H. A.  Olsen and H. W.  Koch},
   title     = {Electron scattering with atomic or nuclear excitation},
   journal   = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
   pages     = {881 -- 928},
   year      = {1964},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {electron elastic scattering}
}

@article{Mo69,
   author    = {J. W.  Motz and H. A.  Olsen and H. W.  Koch},
   title     = {{ Pair production by photons}},
   journal   = {Rev. Mod. Phys.},
   pages     = {581 -- 639},
   year      = {1969},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {EGS4j, EGSnrcj},
   notes     = {Presents cross section from pair production angular
       dustribution used in EGSnrc and NRC addition to EGS4},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo71,
    author = {K. Mork},
    title  = {{Radiative Corrections. II. Compton Effec}},
    journal = {Phys. Rev.},
    volume = {A 4},
    year   = {1971},
    pages = {917--927}
}

@article{Mo78,
   author    = {Y. Moriuchi and A. Katoh and T. Takata},
   title     = {{Practical, accurate methods for measuring the m-values
       of ionizing gases}},
   journal   = {in `` National and International Standardization of
       Radiation Dosimetry'', (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {45 -- 63},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = {II},
   keywords  = {saturation theory recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Mo82,
   author    = {L. R. M.  Morin},
   title     = {{ Molecular form factors and photon coherent scattering cross sections for water}},
   journal   = {J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data},
   pages     = {1091},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 11,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo85,
   author    = {R.  Mohan and C.  Chui and L.  Lidofsky},
   title     = {{ Energy and angular distributions of photons from medical linear accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {592 -- 597},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {TG--105, Monte Carlo EGS4j},
   notes     = {Presents EGS4 calculated photon spectra from a variety
       of radiotherapy accelerators. Digital data is on the EGS4
       distribution.},
   location  = {\pdf/Mo85.pdf, TG-105 binder}
}

@article{Mo86a,
   author    = {R.  Mohan and C.  Chui and L.  Lidofsky},
   title     = {{ Differential pencil beam dose computation model for photons}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {64 -- 73},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j},
   location  = {daves binder superposition convolution, TG-105 binder, \pdf/Mo86a.pdf}
}

@article{Mo88,
   author    = {D. C.  Mosse and M.  Cance and M.  Chartier and J.  Daures and A.  Ostrowsky and J. P.  Simoen},
   title     = {{ Fundamental measurement of absorbed dose in water for $^{60}$Co ~gamma-rays: procedure and experimental instrumentation}},
   journal   = {in Dosimetry in Radiotherapy, Vol I, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {49 -- 73},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {standard},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo88a,
   author    = {R.  Mohan and G.  Miklos and C.-S.  Chui and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Angular distributions of thick-target bremsstrahlung photons}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (Supplement I) (abstract)},
   pages     = {22},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {IRSa88}
}

@article{Mo96,
   author    = {P. N. Mobit and A. E. Nahum and P. Mayles},
   title     = {{ The energy correction factor of LiF thermoluminescent
       dosemeters in megavoltage electron beams: Monte Carlo simulations and
       experiments}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {979 -- 993},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {TLD EGS4j},
   location  = {DR's TLD binder}
}

@article{Mo97,
   author    = {G. Mora and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculation of the beam output factors for
       a typical $^{60}$Co therapy source}},
   journal   = {J. Intl. Fed. Med. Biol. Engin.},
   pages     = {Suppl 2, 1105},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {IRSa97 EGS4a OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Mo99,
   author    = {G. Mora  and A. Maio and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation  of a typical
       $^{60}$Co therapy source}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2494 -- 2502},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {IRS99 EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {\pdf/Mo99.pdf}
}

@article{Mu94,
   author    = {C. Mubata},
   title     = {{ Dose distributions in the Buildup Region of Megavoltage
       Linear Accelerator Photon Beams}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, University College, London, UK},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {EGS4r plane-parallel},
   location  = {\pdf/thesis/CephasMubata__PhD_1994.pdf}
}

@article{My61,
   author    = {I. T.  Myers and W. H.  LeBlanc and D. M.  Fleming and H. O.  Wyckoff},
   title     = {{ An Adiabatic Calorimeter for High Precision Source Standardization}},
   journal   = {Rad'n Res.},
   pages     = {488 -- 489 (abs)},
   year      = {1961},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone},
   notes     = {Just an abstract  W/e = 33.84$\pm$0.29 eV/ip},
   location  = { }
}

@article{My61a,
   author    = {I. T.  Myers and W. H.  Le Blanc and D. M.  Fleming and H. O.  Wyckoff},
   title     = {{ An Adiabatic Calorimeter for High Precision Source Standardization and Determination of W(air)}},
   journal   = {Report HW-SA-2165-US Dept Commerce},
   pages     = {1 -- 15},
   year      = {1961},
   keywords  = {W/e  Wone report},
   notes     = {Measured energy output with total absorption calorimeter and exposure. Using muen for air, they deduce W/e = 33.84$\pm$1\%.},
   location  = {DR WHH}
}

@article{NA91,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Low-- and medium--energy x--ray dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Teaching Lecture Notes at the First Biennal Meeting on Physics in Clinical Radiotherapy (ESTRO) Budapest, October 14--17,1991. Institute of Cancer Research Int. Report ICR-PHYS-1/91 (Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK: Physics Dept, Royal Marsden Hospital, 1991)},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {TG61},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NACP,
   author    = {NACP},
   title     = {{ Procedures in external beam radiation therapy dosimetry with photon and electron beams with maximum energies between 1 and 50~MeV}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Oncol.},
   pages     = {55 -- 79},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {protocol},
   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder}
}

@article{NACP72,
   author    = {NACP},
   title     = {{ Procedures in radiation therapy dosimetry with 5 to 50 MeV electrons and Roentgen and gamma rays with maximum energies betwen 1 and 50 MeV}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol.},
   pages     = {603 -- 624},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {protocol},
   notes     = {Nordic protocol based on C$_{\rm E}$ and C$_{\lambda}$ approach.},
   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder}
}

@article{NACP81,
   author    = {NACP and Nordic Association of Clinical Physics},
   title     = {{ Electron Beams with Mean Energies at the Phantom Surface below 15 MeV}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiol. Oncol.},
   pages     = {401 -- 415},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51 parallel plate},
   notes     = {Supplement to 1980 protocol recommending use of parallel plate chamber.},
   location  = {TG--51 protocols binder}
}

@article{NB79,
   author    = {B.  Nilsson and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose from secondary electrons in high energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {901 -- 912},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NB81,
   author    = {B.  Nilsson and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Contamination of high-energy photon beams by scattered photons}},
   journal   = {Strahlentherapie},
   pages     = {181 -- 186},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 157,
   keywords  = {bremsstrahlung brem},
   notes     = {Calculates head scatter using analytic calculation.},
   location  = {TG 54 head scatter binder}
}

@article{NB84,
   author    = {B.  Nordell and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ Angular distribution and yield from bremsstrahlung targets}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {797 -- 810},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {thick target  electron mass scattering power},
   location  = {DR binder on bremsstrahlung production}
}

@article{NB91,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ EGS - A Technology Spinoff to Medicine}},
   journal   = {Beam Line (\#1)},
   pages     = {7 -- 11},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 21
}

@article{NB92,
   author    = {H.  Neuenschwander and E. J.  Born},
   title     = {{A Macro Monte Carlo method for electron beam dose calculations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {107 -- 125},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG--105 binder \pdf/NB92.pdf}
}

@article{NC97,
   author    = {T. W. M. Grimbergen and A. H. L. Aalbers and J. {Van Dam} and
       B. J. Mijnheer and J. Seuntjens and H. Thierens and
       F. W. Wittkamper and J. Zoetelief},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of low and medium energy x--rays. A code of
       practice for use in radiotherapy and radiobiology}},
   journal   = {NCS Report 10 of the Netherlands Commission on Radiation
       Dosimetry},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, NCS working party, TG61, IRSr97},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NCRP58,
   author    = {{NCRP Report 58}},
   title     = {{ A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures}},
   journal   = {NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Bethesda, MD. 20814 USA},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {Handbook, with nuclear data for some biomedically important radionuclides, reevaluated
       between August, 1983 and April, 1984.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NCRP69,
   author    = {{NCRP Report 69}},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of X-ray and gamma ray beams for Radiation Therapy in the Energy Range 10 keV to 50 MeV}},
   journal   = {NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Washington DC, 20014 USA},
   year      = {1981},
   keywords  = {TG--51 protocol},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NCS86,
   author    = {{Netherlands Commission on Radiation Dosimetry}},
   title     = {{ Code of Practice for the Dosimetry of High-Energy Photon Beams}},
   journal   = {NCS Report 2},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {protocol},
   location  = {Jan}
}

@article{NCS89,
   author    = {Netherlands Commission on Radiation Dosimetry},
   title     = {{ Code of Practice for the Dosimetry of High-Energy Electron Beams}},
   journal   = {NCS Report},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {protocol},
   location  = {DR binder}
}

@article{NH91,
   author    = {Y.  Namito and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ Improvement of low energy photon transport calculation by EGS4 -- electron bound effect in Compton scattering}},
   journal   = {Japan Atomic Energy Society, Osaka},
   pages     = {401},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {EGS4a KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NH99,
   author    = {{Y. Namito and H. Hirayama}},
   title     = {{ Implementation of electron-impact ionization into the EGS4
code}},
   journal   = \nima,
   pages     = {238 -- 246},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 423,
   location  = {Ernst's TeX\pdf/EII_EGS4.pdf}
}

@article{NJ80,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and T. M.  Jenkins (Eds.)},
   title     = {{ Computer Techniques in Radiation Transport and Dosimetry}},
   journal   = {(Plenum Press, New York)},
   year      = {1980},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NK00,
   author    = {K. P. Ng and C. S. Kwok and F. H. Tang},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray spectra in mammography}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1309 -- 1318},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {x-ray, ITS, Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NK82,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum and M.  Kristensen},
   title     = {{ Calculated response and wall correction factors for ionization chambers exposed to $^{60}$Co gamma-rays}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {925 -- 927},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Kwall},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NK86,
   author    = {P. Nizin and K. Kase},
   title     = {{ Determination of nominal accelerating potential}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {961 -- 962},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {NAP, ionization ratio},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NK94,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum and R. T.  Knight},
   title     = {{ Consistent formalism for kV x--ray dosimetry.}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry'' (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {451 -- 459},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TG61 X--ray protocols},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NK94a,
   author    = {H.  Nystrom and M.  Karlsson},
   title     = {{ Photon beam quality specification by narrow-beam
       transmission measurements}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1231 -- 1245},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 39,
   keywords  = {HVL photon spectra},
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{NR86,
   author    = {W. H.  Press and B. P.  Flannery and S. A.  Teukolsky and W. T.  Vetterling},
   title     = {{ Numerical Recipes---The art of scientific computing}},
   journal   = {(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {textbook},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NR96,
   author    = {Y.  Nogami and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Scattering from a nonsymmetric potential in one-dimension as a coupled channel problem}},
   journal   = {Am. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {923--928},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {64},
   abstract  = {One-dimensional scattering is a useful teaching aid because the
       mathematics is simpler than for three dimensions. This paper
       shows how phase shifts and a mixing parameter can be used to
       analyse scattering from a nonsymmetric 1-D potential.},
   keywords  = {IRS96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NS63,
   author    = {H. H.  Nagel and C.  Schlier},
   title     = {{ Berechnung von Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei f\"ur eine Prim\"arenergie von 200 MeV}},
   journal   = {Z. Physik},
   pages     = {464 -- 471},
   year      = {1963},
   volume    = 174,
   location  = { }
}

@article{NS76,
   author    = {R.  Nath and R. J.  Schulz},
   title     = {{ Determination of high-energy x-ray spectra by photoactivation}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {133 -- 141},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 3,
   keywords  = {other, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{NS81,
   author    = {R.  Nath and R. J.  Schulz},
   title     = {{ Calculated response and wall correction factors for ionization chambers exposed to $^{60}$Co gamma-rays}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {85 -- 93},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Kwall},
   notes     = {Calculated wall correction factors used in TG 21 protocol.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NS89,
   author    = {B.  Nilsson and B.  Sorcini},
   title     = {{ Surface dose measurements in clinical photon beams}},
   journal   = {Acta Oncologica},
   pages     = {537 -- 542},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{NT98,
   author    = {A. Nisbet and D. I.  Thwaites},
   title     = {{ Polarity and ion recombination correction factors for
       ionization chambers employed in electron beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {435 -- 443},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {TG--51 polarity  TG--51 Pion}
}

@article{Na03,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum and B. Movsas and E. M. Horwitz and C. C.
       Stobbe and J. D. Chapman},
   title     = {{Incorporating clinical measurements of hypoxia into tomour
       local control modeling of prostate cancer: Implications for the
       $\alpha/\beta$ ratio}},
   journal   = {Int. J. Radn Oncology Biol. Phys.},
   pages     = {391 -- 401},
   year      = {2003},
   location  = {\pdf/Na03.pdf}
}

@article{Na03a,
    author = {I. El Naqa and J.O. Deasy and M. Vicic},
    title = {{Locally adpative denoising of MC dose distributions via
              hybrid media filtering}},
    journal = {Proc. IEEE Medical Imaging Conference, Prtland, OR},
    year = {2003}
}

@article{Na05,
    author = {I El Naqa and I Kawrakow and M Fippel and J V Siebers and
        P E Lindsay and M V Wickerhauser and M Vicic and K Zakarian and
        N Kauffmann and J O Deasy},
    title = {{A comparison of Monte Carlo dose calculation denoising techniques}},
   journal   = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
   year      = {2005},
    pages = {909--922},
    keywords  = {ik_misc}
}

@article{Na05a,
    author = {Shahid A Naqvi and Warren D D'Souza and Matthew A Earl and Sung-Joon Ye and Rompin Shih and X Allen Li},
    title = {{Using a photon phase-space source for convolution/superposition dose calculations in radiation therapy}},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {50},
    pages = {4111--4124},
    keywords = { OMEGSj ik_misc },
}

@article{Na64,
   author    = {H. H.  Nagel},
   title     = {{ Die Berechnung von Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei mit Hilfe der Monte-Carlo Methode}},
   journal   = {Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Hohen Mathematich-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult\"at der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universt\"at zu Bonn},
   year      = {1964},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na65,
   author    = {H. H.  Nagel},
   title     = {{ Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei: Monte-Carlo-Rechnungen f\"ur Prim\"arelektronenergien zwischen 100 und 1000 MeV}},
   journal   = {Z. Physik},
   pages     = {319 -- 346},
   year      = {1965 (English translation Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report Number SLAC-TRANS-28 (1965)},
   volume    = 186,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na66,
   author    = {H. H.  Nagel},
   title     = {{ private communication}},
   journal   = {(private communication, hand-written notes)},
   year      = {1966},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na76,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Calculations of electron flux spectra in water irradiated with megavoltage electron and photon beams with applications to dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, U.K.},
   year      = {1976},
   keywords  = {dosimetry Monte Carlo},
   location  = {Dave has copy}
}

@article{Na78,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Water/Air Stopping-Power Ratios for Megavoltage Photon and Electron Beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {24 -- 38},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo  track ends},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na80,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{Further comments on the effective wall
       material of a Baldwin-Farmer chamber}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {370 -- 372},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = 25,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na82,
   author    = {R.  Nath},
   title     = {{ Calculated response and wall correction factors for ionization chambers exposed to $^{60}$Co gamma rays}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {927 -- 929},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 9,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, Ion chamber calculations},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na85,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Electron Simulation II: Application to Dose Planning}},
   journal   = {in ``The Computation of Dose Distributions in Electron Beam Radiotherapy", ed. A. E. Nahum, (Umea University)},
   pages     = {319 -- 340},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {Umea Conference chapter},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na85a,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum and W. H.  Henry and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Response of carbon and aluminium walled thimble chamber in $^{60}$Co and 20 MeV electron beams}},
   journal   = {Proc. of VII Int. Conf. on Med. Phys, in Med. and Biol. Engin. and Comp.},
   pages     = {612 -- 613},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSe85},
   notes     = {Measured unexpected effects of very thin coatings on ion chamber walls.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na85b,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ The M.D.A.H. Pencil-Beam Algorithm}},
   journal   = {The Computation of Dose Distributions in Electron Beam
       Radiotherapy, edited by A. E. Nahum, Umea University},
   pages     = {151 -- 184},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {Pencil-Beam Algorithm},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na88,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum and D. I.  Thwaites and P.  Andreo},
   title     = {{ An analysis of the revised HPA dosimetry protocols}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {923 -- 938},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {TG--51 comparisons},
   notes     = {Detailed analysis of HPA protocol against ``best estimate'' values which approximate IAEA code of practice.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na88a,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Extension of the Spencer-Attix Cavity Theory to the 3-Media Situation for Electron Beams}},
   journal   = {in ``Dosimetry in Radiotherapy'', (IAEA, Vienna) Vol 1},
   pages     = {87 -- 115},
   year      = {1988},
   notes     = {Theoretical study of wall effects in electron beams showing cavity theory effects of walls is of the order of 1\% or usually less.  These effects are normally totally ignored in protocols.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pwall}
}

@article{Na90,
   author    = {Y.  Namito and W. R.  Nelson and S. M.  Seltzer and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Low-energy x-ray production studies using the EGS4 code system}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {557},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {IRSa90 EGS4a}
}

@article{Na90a,
   author    = {R.  Nath and A. S.  Meigooni and J. A.  Meli},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry on transverse axes of $^{125}$I and $^{192}$Ir interstitial brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1032 -- 1040},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {125I},
   location  = {DRs binder on 192Ir}
}

@article{Na93,
   author    = {Y.  Namito and S.  Ban and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ Implementation of linearly-polarized photon scattering  into the EGS4 code}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {277 -- 283},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {A322},
   keywords  = {EGS4j KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na94,
   author    = {Y.  Namito and S.  Ban and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ Implementation of Doppler broadening of Compton-scattered photons into the EGS4 code}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {489 -- 494},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {A349},
   keywords  = {EGS4j KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na95,
   author    = {R.  Nath and L. L.  Anderson and G.  Luxton and K. A.  Weaver
       and J. F.  Williamson and A. S.  Meigooni},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of interstitial brachytherapy sources:
       Recommendations of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee
       Task Group No. 43}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {209 -- 234},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {Brachytherapy sources, TG43  AAPM recommendations},
   location  = {\pdf/TG43.pdf or Na95.pdf}
}

@article{Na95a,
   author    = {Y.  Namito and S.  Ban and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ Compton scattering of 20 to 40-keV photons}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev. A},
   pages     = {3036 -- 3043},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {51},
   keywords  = {EGS4j KEK},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na96,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Perturbation effects in dosimetry: Part I. Kilovoltage
       x-rays and electrons}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1531 -- 1580},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {review TLD ion chamber},
   notes     = {Extensive review},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na98,
   author    = {Y.  Namito and H.  Hirayama and S.  Ban},
   title     = {{ Improvements of low-energy photon transport in EGS4}},
   journal   = {Radiation Phys. Chem.},
   pages     = {283 -- 294},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {53},
   keywords  = {EGS4j KEK},
   notes     = {Review the many additions made to EGS4 at KEK for low energy
       transport},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Na99,
   author    = {R.  Nath and  A. Howard and C. Coffey and D. Duggan and
               S.  Jani and L Zuofeng and M. Schell and C. Soares and
               J. Whiting and P. E. Cole and I. Crocker and R. Schwartz },
   title     = {{Intravascular brachytherapy physics: Report of the AAPM
                Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 60}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {119 -- 152},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {Brachytherapy sources, TG60  AAPM recommendations},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ne05,
author = {Ulrich Neitzel and Egbert Buhr and Gerhard Hilgers and Paul R. Granfors},
title = {{Determination of the modulation transfer function using the edge method: Influence of scattered radiation}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2004},
journal = \mp,
volume = {31},
number = {12},
pages = {3485--3491},
keywords = { EGSnrcj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/3485/1}
}

@article{Ne86,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and H.  Hirayama and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron Photon Transport using the EGS4 Monte Carlo Code}},
   journal   = {Transactions of the American Nuclear Society},
   pages     = {379 -- 380},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 52,
   keywords  = {IRSe86 EGS4p},
   notes     = {Overview of the EGS4 code.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ne92,
  title={{Grids or air gaps for scatter reduction in digital radiography: A model calculation}},
  author={U. Neitzel},
  journal=\mp,
  volume={19},
  pages={475},
  year={1992},
  publisher={AAPM}
}

@article{Ne93,
   author    = {H.  Neuenschwander and T. R.  Mackie and P. J.  Reckwerdt and J.
       Yang},
   title     = {{Electron dose computation improvements using Macro Monte Carlo
       techniques}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {900},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {EGS4a OMEGAa Macro Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ne94,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ EGS4 in '94: A decade of enhancements}},
   journal   = {Stanford Linear Accelerator Report SLAC-PUB-6625 (Stanford, Calif)},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSr94 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Ralph Nelson's overheads for invited talk at world congress made into a short report.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ne94a,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ EGS4 in '94: A decade of enhancements}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {669},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {IRSa94 EGS4a},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ne95,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ private communication}},
   journal   = {(conversation with A. F. Bielajew)},
   year      = {1995},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ne95a,
   author    = {H.  Neuenschwander and T. R.  Mackie and P. J.  Reckwerdt},
   title     = {{ MMC--- A high-performance Monte Carlo code for electron beam treatment planning}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {543 -- 574},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 40,
   keywords  = {TG--105, MMC},
   location  = {TG--105 binder \pdf/Ne95a.pdf}
}

@article{Ne97,
   author    = {H.  Neuenschwander and W.  Volken and C.  Cris and
       R.  Mini and P.  Schwab},
   title     = {{Fast Monte Carlo algorithms for electron beam
       treatment planning}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the XII-th Conference on the Use of Computers in
       Radiotherapy'' (Medical Physics Publishing, Madison, Wisconsin)},
   pages     = {23 -- 26},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {Voxel MC, Macro MC OMEGAp},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ni02,
    author = {J. C. Nipper and J. L. Williams and W. E. Bloch},
    title = {{Creation of two tomographic voxel models of pediatric
        patients in the first year of their life}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2002,
    volume = 47,
    pages = {3143 -- 3164},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{Ni04,
   author    = {R. Ning and X. Tang and D. Conover},
   title     = {{X-ray scatter correction algorithm for
                 cone beam CT imaging }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1195 -- 1202},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {CBCT;BSA;scatter correction;computerised tomography;medical image processing;image reconstruction; X-ray scattering; image sequences; image sensors; image scanners; phantoms},
   notes     = {beam stop arrays.},
   url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/1195/1},
   doi = {10.1118/1.1711475},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ni66,
   author    = {D. F.  Nicoli},
   title     = {{ The application of Monte Carlo cascade shower generation in lead}},
   journal   = {submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
   year      = {1966},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ni67,
   author    = {M. T.  Niatel},
   title     = {{ An experimental study of recombination in
       parallel-plate free-air ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {555 -- 563},
   year      = {1967},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {BIPM saturation},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Ni74,
   author    = {\typeout{*********cite Ni75 instead of Ni74**************}},
   title     = {{*********cite Ni75 instead of Ni74************** }},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {17 -- 23},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = 11,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ni75,
   author    = {M.-T. Niatel and T. P. Loftus and W. Oetzmann},
   title     = {{Comparison of Exposure Standards for $^{60}$Co Gamma Rays}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {17 -- 23},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {comparison PTB BIPM NBS NIST},
   notes     = {Gives comparison of BIPM and PTB and NBS(NIST) standards.  Describes
       chambers, gives constants},
   location  = {Dave's Co60 comparison binder}
}

@article{Ni75a,
   author    = {M. T.  Niatel},
   title     = {{ Rayons X et $\gamma$. Influence de la vapeur d'eau
       sur l'ionisation dans le cas d'une chambre \`{a} cavit\'{e}}},
   journal   = {C.R. Acad. Sci.  Ser. B},
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   volume    = 281,
   keywords  = {W/e BIPM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ni79,
   author    = {M. T.  Niatel},
   title     = {{ The conversion factors C$_{\rm E}$ and C$_{\lambda}$ revisited}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report 79/2},
   pages     = {15 pages},
   year      = {1979},
   notes     = {Reviews theory for exposure to absorbed dose conversion assuming water equivalent walls for the user's ion chamber.},
   location  = {BIPM binder}
}

@article{Ni83,
   author    = {M. T.  Niatel},
   title     = {{ On the location of a flat ionization chamber for absorbed dose determination}},
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   pages     = {407 -- 410},
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   notes     = {Measurement of cavity perturbation factors.},
   location  = {BIPM binder}
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@article{Ni85,
   author    = {M. T.  Niatel and A. M.  Perroche-Roux and M.  Boutillon},
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   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {67 -- 75},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone   BIPM},
   notes     = {W/e = 33.96$\pm$0.08(1$\sigma$) J/C (calorimeter vs ionometry) 33.81$\pm$0.14(1$\sigma$) J/C activity vs exposure.},
   location  = {DR's W/e binder and BIPM binder}
}

@article{Ni85a,
   author    = {B.  Nilsson},
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@article{Ni86,
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   year      = {1986},
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@article{Ni87,
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   keywords  = {TG61, clinical},
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@article{Ni88,
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   pages     = {175 -- 185},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel plate TG--51 Pwall},
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}

@article{Ni89,
   author    = {A.  Niroomand-Rad},
   title     = {{ Film dosimetry of small elongated electron beams for treatment
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   keywords  = {rof, small field, film dosimetry},
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}

@article{Ni92,
   author    = {B.  Nilsson and A.  Montelius and P.  Andreo},
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   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
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}

@article{Ni95,
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@article{Ni96,
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   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo, TG--51 parallel plate Pwall Ion chamber
       calculations, interface effects EGS4j},
   notes     = {Measured and calculated with EGS4 the backscatter from
       walls in plane-parallel chambers and found effects of up to 2\%},
   location  = {\pdf}
}

@article{Ni97,
   author    = {B.  Nilsson and A.  Montelius and P.  Andreo and J Johansson},
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   keywords  = {EGS4j},
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@article{Ni98,
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@article{Nk01,
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@article{Nu02,
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   keywords  = {NPL standard},
   location  = {DR's CCEMRI binder}
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@article{OD91,
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@article{OP85,
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@article{Oe06,
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   year      = {2001},
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@article{Ol01a,
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@article{Ol02,
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@article{Ol05,
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@article{Ol05a,
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@article{Ol47,
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@article{Ow72,
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@article{Ow91,
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@article{Ow93,
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@article{PHOTX,
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@article{PJ92,
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@article{PV98,
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@article{PV05,
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@article{PV05a,
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@article{Pa00c,
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@article{Pa02,
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@article{Pa03a,
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        Monte Carlo simulation and beam characteristics for large
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  journal=\pmb,
    year = 2003,
    volume = 48,
    pages = {2783--2796},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{Pa04,
  author= {M. S. Patterson},
  title={{Physics in Medicine and Biology top ten}},
  journal=\pmb,
  pages= { L1 -- L4},
  volume = 49,
  year= {2004}
}

@article{Pa04a,
  author= {M. S. Patterson},
  title={{Medical Physics top ten}},
  journal=\mp,
  pages= { 682},
  volume = 31,
  year= {2004}
}

@article{Pa04c,
    author = {J. Pardo and L. Franco and F. Gomez and A. Iglesias and R. Lobato and J. Mosquera and A. Pazos and J. Pena and M. Pombar and A. Rodriguez and J. Sendon},
    title = {{Free ion yield observed in liquid isooctane irradiated by $\gamma$ rays. Comparison with the Onsager theory}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2004,
    volume = 49,
    pages = {1905--1914},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 }
}

@article{Pa05,
author = {Asa Palm and Thomas LoSasso},
title = {{Influence of phantom material and phantom size on radiographic film response in therapy photon beams}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {32},
number = {8},
pages = {2434--2442},
keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2434/1}
}

@article{Pa05a,
author = {Asa Palm and Assen S. Kirov and Thomas LoSasso},
title = {{Predicting energy response of radiographic film in a 6 MV x-ray beam using Monte Carlo calculated fluence spectra and absorbed dose}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2004},
journal = \mp,
volume = {31},
number = {12},
pages = {3168-3178},
keywords = { EGSnrcj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/3168/1}
}

@article{Pa09,
author = {Dana Paquin and Doron Levy and Lei Xing},
title = {{Multiscale registration of planning CT and daily cone beam CT images for adaptive radiation therapy}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2009},
journal = \mp,
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {4-11},
keywords = {biological organs; cancer; computerised tomography; dosimetry; image registration; image representation; medical image processing; radiation therapy; tumours},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/36/4/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.3026602}
}

@article{Pa62,
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@article{Pa88,
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@article{Pa89,
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       Y.  Lee and R.  Ruparel and R.  Garces},
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@article{Pa90,
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   keywords  = {linac, photon beam, megavoltage},
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}

@article{Pa95,
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@article{Pa96,
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   keywords  = {IRS96},
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@article{Pa96b,
   author    = {H. Palmans and J. Seuntjens and F. Verhaegen and J. M. Denis
       and S. Vynckier and H. Thierens},
   title     = {{ Water Calorimetry Measurements in a 85 MeV Clinical Proton Beam}},
   journal   = {Bull Cancer/Radiother},
   pages     = {176s -- 178s},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {83 (Suppl 1)},
   keywords  = {IRS96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pa98,
   author    = {H.  Palmans and W. Mondelaers and H. Thierens},
   title     = {{\typeout{***Use Pa99 instead of Pa98*****}  }},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {submitted},
   year      = {1998},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pa99,
   author    = {H.  Palmans and W. Mondelaers and H. Thierens},
   title     = {{Absorbed dose beam quality correction factors k$_Q$ for the
       NE2571 chamber in a 5 MV and 10 MV photon beam}},
   journal   = \pmb,
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   year      = {1999},
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}

@article{Pe04,
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}

@article{Pe83,
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   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {TG--105, Monte Carlo EGS4j},
   notes     = {Early use of EGS for radiotherapy accelerator simulations},
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}

@article{Pe83a,
   author    = {P. L.  Petti and M. S.  Goodman and J. M.  Sisterson and P. J.  Biggs and T. A.  Gabriel and R.  Mohan},
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   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo  EGS4j},
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@article{Pe91,
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       Hubbell and J. A.  Rathkopf and J. H.  Scofield},
   title     = {{ Tables and Graphs of Atomic Subshell and Relaxation Data
       Derived from the LLNL Evaluated Atomic Data Library (EADL), Z = 1--100}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-50400,
       Volume 30 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1991},
   notes     = {EADL database},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pe91a,
   author    = {S. T.  Perkins and D. E.  Cullen and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Tables and Graphs of Electron-Interaction Cross Sections from 10 eV to 100 GeV Derived from the LLNL Evaluated Electron Data Library (EEDL), Z = 1--100}},
   journal   = {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-50400, Volume 31 (Livermore, Calif)},
   year      = {1991},
   notes     = {EEDL database},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pe93,
   author    = {A.-M.  Perroche and M. Boutillon and I. Kovar and R. Wagner},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the air kerma standards of the UDZ and the BIPM
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   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--93/1},
   year      = {1993},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pe94,
   author    = {A.-M.  Perroche and M. Boutillon and I. Csete},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the air kerma standards of the OMH and the BIPM
       for $^{137}$Cs and $^{60}$Co $\gamma$ rays}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--94/13},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pe94a,
   author    = {A.-M.  Perroche and M. Boutillon and J. Daures and F. Delaunay,
       E. Leroy, A. Ostrowsky and B. Chauvenet},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the standards of air kerma and of absorbed
       dose of the LPRI and the BIPM for $^{60}$Co $\gamma$ rays}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--94/6},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pe94b,
   author    = {A.-M.  Perroche and M. Boutillon and A. S. Guerra and
       R. F.  Laitano and M. Pimpinella},
   title     = {{ Comparison of the standards of absorbed dose of the ENEA
       and the BIPM for $^{60}$Co $\gamma$ rays}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report BIPM--94/4},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = {Dave's binder on comparisons}
}

@article{Pe96,
   author    = {C. J.  Peters and N. G.  Tarr and K.  Shortt and
       I.  Thomson and G. F.  McKay},
   title     = {{ A floating gate MOSFET gamma detector}},
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   pages     = {S135 -- S138},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {74(suppl.)},
   notes     = {IRS96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Pi02,
   author    = {M.  Piessens and N. Reynaert and J. Potempa and H. Thierens
       and W. Wijns and L. Verbeke},
   title     = {{ Dose distributions for $^{90}$Y intravascular
       brachytherapy sources used with balloon catheters}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1562 -- 1571},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j pirs701 egsI egs_II ik_misc },
   notes     = {Compares measured vs calculated doses and gets good agreement.},
   location  = {EGSnrc papers binder}
}

@article{Pi03,
   author    = {A. Piermattei and L.  Azario and A. Fidanzio and P. Viola
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   title     = {{The wall correction factor for a spherical ionization
chamber used in brachytherapy source calibration}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4091 -- 4103},
   year      = {2003},
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   keywords  = {Awall Ir-192 EGSnrcj pirs701 pirs702 xvmcv },
   location  = {Ir-192 binder \pdf/Pi03.pdf}
}

@article{Pi03a,
    author = {A. Piermattei and A. Fidanzio and L. Azario and
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    title = {{Experimental dosimetry of a $^{32}$P cathether-based
        endovascular brachytherapy source}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2003,
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    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{Pi87,
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   year      = {1987},
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   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Pi90,
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   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 6,
   keywords  = {transmission, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{Pi90a,
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       and L.  Bianciardi and E.  {De Sapio} and C.  Giacco},
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   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {attenuation, spectral.reconstruction},
   notes     = {Al only, test spectra},
   location  = {attenuation folder}
}

@article{Pi96,
   author    = {A.  Piermattei and L.  Azario and G.  Arcovito and M. P.  Toni},
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       spherical chambers irradiated by continuous photon beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
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   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {recombination saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Pi97,
   author    = {A.  Piermattei and L.  Azario},
   title     = {{Applications of the Italian protocol for the calibration of
       brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = \pmb,
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   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 42,
   keywords  = {AIFB, calibration, brachytherapy sources, Ir-192 Pi97.pdf}
}

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   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI },
   location  = {Dave's BEAM binder}
}

@article{Pl94,
   author    = {A.  {Van der Plaetsen} and J.  Seuntjens and H.  Thierens and S.  Vynckier},
   title     = {{ Verification of absorbed doses determined with thimble and parallel-plate ionization chambers in clinical electron beams using ferrous sulphate dosimetry}},
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   pages     = {37 -- 44},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel plate  TG--51 Prepl nonNRC94},
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   location  = {DR binder parallel plate}
}

@article{Pl98,
   author    = {F. C. du Plessis and C. A. Willemse and M. G. Lotter and L.
Goedhals},
   title     = {{ The indirect use of CT numbers to establish material
properteis needed for Monte Carlo calculation of dose distributions in
patients }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1195 -- 1201},
   year      = {25},
   volume    = 1998,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
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}

@article{Po05,
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the GEANT4 Monte Carlo code }},
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   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = { GEANT4 EGSnrcj },
   location  = {\pdf/Po05.pdf}
}

@article{Po05a,
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    keywords = { EGSnrcj OMEGAj },
}

@article{Po74,
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@article{Po75,
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   keywords  = {depth-dose, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
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@article{Po76,
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  issn={1539-0756},
  year={1976},
  publisher={APS}
}

@article{Po93,
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   notes     = { },
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@article{Pr81,
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@article{Pr89,
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   location  = { }
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@article{Pu77,
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   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {TPR \%dd PDD},
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@article{Pu78,
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   title     = {{ Increased Sensitivity of Anoxic Mammalian Cells Irradiated with Single Pulses at Very High Dose Rates}},
   journal   = {Sixth Symp. on Microdosimetry, Brussels, Belgium, May 22-26, 1978, Ed.  by J. Booz and H. G. Ebert  Harwood Academic, Vol. II},
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   year      = {1978},
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@article{Pu97,
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   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {1997 (draft approved by Radiation Therapy Committee)},
   keywords  = {review individual accelerators},
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@article{Pu99,
  author = {A. Pukhov and E. Boos and M. Dubinin and V. Edneral and V. Ilyin
    and D. Kovalenko and A. Kryukov and V. Savrin and S. Shichanin and
    A. Semenov},
  title = {{CompHEP --- a package for evaluation of Feynman diagrams and integration
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  journal = {hep-ph/9908288},
  year = {1999},
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}

@article{RA06,
   author = {Niklas Rehfeld and Markus Alber},
   title = {{The influence of noise in full Monte Carlo ML-EM and dual matrix
             reconstructions in positron emission tomography}},
   journal = \mp,
   year = {2006},
   volume = {33},
   pages = {3498--3507},
   keywords = {MC-PET}
}

@article{RB75,
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   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1031 -- 1035},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = {20},
   number    = {6},
   abstract  = {The quantity in terms of which instruments are calibrated is
       of great practical importance in the dosimetry of beta -rays. Arguments
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       standard soft tissue for both primary standards and field instruments.},
   keywords  = {PTB},
   location  = {\pdf/RB75.pdf}
}

@article{RB78,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
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@article{RB82,
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   title     = {{ }},
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   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j},
   notes     = {Impulse Approximation for Compton scattering}
}

@article{RB83,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Calculation of ion chamber response to $^{60}$Co}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {738},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {IRSa83}
}

@article{RB84,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The use of EGS for Monte Carlo calculations in medical physics}},
   journal   = {Report PXNR-2692, National Research Council of Canada, (Ottawa, Canada K1A 0R6)},
   year      = {1984},
   keywords  = {IRSr84},
   notes     = {Text of an invited  refreshed course on Monte Carlo techniques at the AAPM meeting.},
   location  = { }
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@article{RB84a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The use of EGS for Monte Carlo calculations in medical physics}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {417 -- 418},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {IRSa84}
}

@article{RB85,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Calculated buildup curves for photons with energies up
                to $^{60}$Co}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {738 -- 744},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRS85 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Calculates the dose near the very surface of a phantom and
                shows low energy scattered photons do not affect the buildup
                region.},
   location  = {TPR binder RB85.pdf }
}

@article{RB85a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ The Application of Monte Carlo Simulation to Dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Proc. of VII Int. Conf. on Med. Phys, in Med. and Biol. Engin. and Comp.},
   pages     = {602 -- 603},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSe85 EGS4p},
   notes     = {Text of an invited overview talk.},
   location  = { }
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@article{RB86,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
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   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRS86},
   notes     = {Isolated significant error in depth-dose curves calculated by
       ETRAN and suggested more accurate energy range relationships
       which were recommended by AAPM's TG 25.},
   location  = {TG--51 beam quality specification}
}

@article{RB86a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Energy-loss Straggling in Electron Monte Carlo Transport}},
   journal   = {Transactions of the American Nuclear Society,},
   pages     = {380 -- 382},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 52,
   keywords  = {IRSe86 EGS4p},
   notes     = {Describes a problem found in ETRAN. Text of an invited talk.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RB86b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Improved relationships between electron beam energies and ranges}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {582},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRSa86}
}

@article{RB88,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of electron-photon transport and applications to radiation dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (Supplement I) (abstract)},
   pages     = {5},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {IRSa88}
}

@article{RB90a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Wall attenuation and scatter corrections for ion chambers:
       measurements versus calculations}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1065  --  1078},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {Awall Kwall Kcep IRS90 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Shows that Monte Carlo calculated correction factors disagree
       with those used in most standards laboratories to establish
       air kerma standards.},
   location  = {\pdf/RB90a.pdf}
}

@article{RC90,
   author    = {R. K.  Rice and L. M.  Chin},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculations of scatter to primary ratios for normalization of primary and scatter dose}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {333 -- 338},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {TG 54  EGS4j  Khan method},
   notes     = {EGS4 calns, scatter to primary at dmax, 100 cm$^2$ fields, $^{60}$Co to 24 MV show S$_{p0}$ = 0.93$\pm$0.01. Give SPR vs d/dmax. Measured $\mu$,dmax for beams good geom. Stats not great.},
   location  = {DR's Head Scatter binder}
}

@article{RD81,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and G.  {Van Dyk}},
   title     = {{ Use of a Neutron Remmeter to Measure Leakage Neutrons from Medical Electron  Accelerators}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {163 -- 166},
   year      = {1981},
   volume    = 8,
   keywords  = {IRS81},
   notes     = {Describes use of gold foil activation counter in a SNOOPY remmeter to measure leakage neutrons in pulsed neutron/photon fields.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RE74,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and D. C. Elliott},
   title     = {{ Accelerator Safety Report, 150 kV Neutron Generator}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2367},
   year      = {Sept, 1974},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr74},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RF92,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and B. A.  Faddegon},
   title     = {{ Re-evaluation of total stopping power of 5.3~MeV electrons in polystyrene}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {969 -- 983},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {EGS4j IRS92},
   notes     = {Re-evaluates the experiment of Feist and Muller showing that significant corrections were overlooked and an erroneous error analysis significantly underestimated the uncertainty in the experiment.},
   location  = {\pdf/RF92.pdf}
}

@article{RG41,
   author    = {B.  Rossi and K.  Greisen},
   title     = {{ Cosmic ray theory}},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev},
   pages     = {265},
   year      = {1941},
   volume    = 13,
   notes     = {Earliest published reference to Fermi's MS theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RG68,
   author    = {E.  Rotondi and K. W.  Geiger},
   title     = {{ A Neutron Dosemeter with Spherical Moderator Containing Absorbers and a BF$_{3}$ Counter}},
   journal   = {Proc. of the I.R.P.A. Meeting in Rome, 1966 (Pergamon Press)},
   year      = {1968},
   keywords  = {IRS68},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RJ61,
   author    = {W. B.  Reid and H. E.  Johns},
   title     = {{ Measurement of Absorbed Dose with Calorimeter and Determination of W}},
   journal   = {Rad. Res.},
   pages     = {1 -- 16},
   year      = {1961},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {W/e Wone},
   notes     = {W/e=33.8$\pm$0.4 eV/ip using calorimeters and ion chambers.},
   location  = {DR's W/e binder}
}

@article{RK03,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated correction factors
       for primary standards of air-kerma}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {521 -- 543},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {IRS03, EGSnrcj EGS4j ik_misc4 pirs701 egsI pirs702 egs_II },
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   location  = {\pdf/RK03.pdf}
}

@article{RK94,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and N. V.  Klassen},
   title     = {{ The development of a Standard Based on Water Calorimetry for the Absorbed Dose to Water.}},
   journal   = {Proc. of NPL Water Calorimetry Workshop},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RK96,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and N. V.  Klassen},
   title     = {{ Water calorimetry for radiation dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1 -- 29},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {IRS96},
   notes     = {Review of the use of water calorimetry for radiation dosimetry.},
   location  = {\pdf/RK96.pdf}
}

@article{RK99,
   author    = {C. S.  Reft and F. T. Kuchnir},
   title     = {{ Measured overall perturbation factors at depths greater
       than $d_{\rm max}$ for ionization chambers in electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {208 -- 213},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   location  = {TG--51 Prepl}
}

@article{RM96,
   author    = {Ross, C. K. and MacPherson, M. S.},
   title     = {{Comments on `A New Method to Determine Ratios of Electron
       Stopping Powers to an Improved Accuracy'}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {785 -- 788},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {41},
   abstract  = {Shows that the method proposed by Burns et al for measuring
       stopping power ratios cannot work.},
   keywords  = {IRS96}
}

@article{RO88d,
   author    = {M.  Roos},
   title     = {{ The current status of water absorbed dose calorimetry in the PTB}},
   journal   = {NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, NRC Report 29637},
   pages     = {9 -- 15},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {water calorimetry at PTB},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RR87,
   author    = {S. N.  Rustgi and J. E.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Analysis of the bremsstrahlung component in 6-18 MeV electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {884 -- 888},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{RR88,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ The Role of Humidity and Other Correction Factors in the AAPM TG--21 Dosimetry Protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {40 -- 48},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {TG--51 humidity effects IRS88},
   notes     = {Explicitly accounts for humidity effects throughout exposure
       based calibration chain.  Shows 0.4\% error in TG 21 after all
       corrections made.  Includes rigorous derivation of TG 21
       equations.},
   location  = {TG--51 fundamentals \pdf/RR88.pdf}
}

@article{RR88a,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Comments on ``The Effects of Air Humidity on Ionization Chamber Response''}},
   journal   = {Radiation Protection Dosimetry,},
   pages     = {127 -- 128},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRS88},
   notes     = {Points out error in paper by  Meger, Attix {\it et al.}.},
   location  = {TG--51 humidity effect binder}
}

@article{RR92,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Comparison of IAEA 1987 and AAPM 1983 protocols for dosimetry
       calibration of radiotherapy beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {213 -- 214},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {letter IRS92},
   notes     = {Letter pointing out problems in a paper from Yale in which the
       AAPM and IAEA clinical protocols were compared.},
   location  = {TG--51 comparisons \pdf/RR92.pdf}
}

@article{RS73,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and D. Strottman},
   title     = {{ The Oxford Users Manual for the Rochester-Oak-Ridge Shell
       Model Code on the R.H.E.L. 360/195}},
   journal   = {Oxford Nuclear Physics Lab Report},
   year      = {Nov, 1973},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr73},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RS85,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ Energy Calibration of the 90-B Beam Line of the IRS Linac}},
   journal   = {NRC Report Report PIRS-0021},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {IRSr85},
   notes     = {Reports $\pm$1\% energy calibration of NRC linac.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RS92,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{  The effect of waterproofing sleeves on ionization chamber response}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1403 -- 1411},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {IRS92},
   notes     = {Describes measurements of effects of sleeves in $^{60}$Co ~and 20 MV photon beams.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pwall binder}
}

@article{RS99,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and J. P.  Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Photon beam quality specification for comparisons of
       absorbed dose to water}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)99--25 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRSr99 NIHkQr},
   location  = {\pdf/RS99.pdf}
}

@article{RT80,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and R. J. Templin},
   title     = {{ Errors in a Risk Assesment of Renewable Resources}},
   journal   = {Energy},
   pages     = {101 -- 103},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = {5},
   keywords  = {nonNRC80},
   notes     = {Critique of the work of H. Inhaber of the AECB.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RY98,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and C. L. Yang},
   title     = {{ \typeout{************Use RY99 instead of RY98*************}}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {submitted, July 1998},
   location  = { }
}

@article{RY99,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and C. L. Yang},
   title     = {{ Corrected relationship between \%dd(10)$_{\sf x}$ and
       stopping-power ratios}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {538 -- 540},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = {26},
   keywords  = {IRS99 NIHkQj},
   notes     = {The original relationship developed by Kosunen and Rogers
       ignored scatter effects when converting from parallel beam to point source
       beams. This paper corrects for this approximation.},
   location  = {\pdf/RY99.pdf}
}

@article{Ra02,
   author    = {K. N. G. Rajan and T. P. Selvam and B. C. Bhatt and M. Vijayam
       and V. S. Patki and Vinatha and A. M. Pendse and V. Kannan},
   title     = {{ Direct calibration of a reference standard against the air
       kerma strength primary standard, at $^{192}$Ir HDR energy}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1047 -- 1058},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {192-Ir ik_misc }
}

@article{Ra03,
    author = {D.A. Rajon and A.P. Shah and C.J. Watchman and J.M. Brindle and W.E. Bolch},
    title = {{A hyperboliod representation of the bone-marrow interface
        within 3D NMR images in trabecular bone: application to
            skeletal dosimetry}},
    journal = \pmb,
    year = 2003,
    volume = 48,
    pages = { 1721 -- 1740 },
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI }
}

@article{Ra04,
    author = {B. W. Raaymakers and A. J. E. Raaijmakers and A. N. T. J. Kotte
       and D. Jette and J. J. W. Lagendijk},
    title = {{Integrating a MRI scanner with a 6 MV radiotherapy accelerator: dose deposition in a transverse magnetic field}},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = 49,
    year = 2004,
    pages = {4109--4118},
    keywords = { egsI },
    notes = { Dose distribution in photon beams in the presence of a magnetic
        field}
}

@article{Ra05,
author = {Wamied Abdel-Rahman and Jan P. Seuntjens and Frank Verhaegen and
         Francois Deblois and Ervin B. Podgorsak},
title = {{Validation of Monte Carlo calculated surface doses for megavoltage
         photon beams}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {286 -- 298},
keywords = { OMEGAj, EGSnrcj,EGS4j egsI pirs702 },
location = {\pdf/Ra05.pdf },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/286/1}
}

@article{Ra71,
   author    = {Lord~Rayleigh},
   title     = {{}},
   journal   = {Phil. Mag.},
   pages     = {107},
   year      = {1871},
   volume    = {XLI},
   keywords  = {Original work on coherent scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ra71a,
   author    = {Lord~Rayleigh},
   title     = {{}},
   journal   = {Phil. Mag.},
   pages     = {274},
   year      = {1871},
   volume    = {XLI},
   keywords  = {Original work on coherent scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ra76,
   author    = {D. E.  Raeside},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo principles and applications}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {181 -- 197},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 21,
   notes     = {Earliest general review of Monte Carlo methods for medical physics.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ra84,
   author    = {J. A.  Rawlinson and A. F.  Bielajew and P.  Munro and
       D. M.  Galbraith},
   title     = {{ Theoretical and experimental investigation of dose enhancement
       due to charge storage in electron-irradiated phantoms}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {814 -- 821},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {IRS84 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Shows that charge build up increases dose near a hole in a solid
       plastic phantom because of the electric field focusing the
       electrons. Example of EGS4 use in electric fields.},
   location  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms binder \pdf}
}

@article{Ra84a,
   author    = {J. A.  Rawlinson and A. F.  Bielajew and D. M.  Galbraith and P.  Munro},
   title     = {{ Theoretical investigation of dose effects due to charge storage in insulating phantoms}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {383},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {IRSa84}
}

@article{Ra88,
   author    = {B. M.  Rao and S. G.  Prasad and K.  Parthasaradhi and Y.  Lee and R.  Ruparel},
   title     = {{ Investigation on the near surface dose for three 10-MV x-ray beam accelerator with emphasis on the reduction of electron contamination}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {246 -- 249},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ra99,
   author    = {Lord~Rayleigh},
   title     = {{}},
   journal   = {Phil. Mag.},
   pages     = {375},
   year      = {1899},
   volume    = {XLVII},
   keywords  = {Original work on coherent scattering},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Re00,
   author    = {D. Regulla},
   title     = {{ From dating to biophysics -- 20 years of progress in
       applied ESR spectroscopy}},
   journal   = {App. Rad. and Isotopes},
   pages     = {1023 -- 1030},
   year      = {2000},
   keywords  = {alanine},
   location  = {Dave's alanine binder}
}

@article{Re02,
    author = {N. Reynaert and H. Palmans and H. Thierens and R. Jeraj},
    title = {{Parameter dependence of the MCNP electron transport in determining dose distributions}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2002},
    journal = {Medical Physics},
    volume = {29},
    number = {10},
    pages = {2446-2454},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 ik_misc egsI },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/29/2446/1}
}

@article{Re03,
   author    = {C. Reft and R. Alecu and I. J. Das and B. J. Gerbi and P.
Keall and E. Lief and B. J. Mijnheer and N. Papanikolaou et al., },
   title     = {{Dosimetric considerations for patients with HIP
prostesesundergoing pelvic irradition. Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy
Committee Task Group 63 }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1162 -- 1182},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Re03.pdf, TG63.pdf}
}

@article{Re04,
    author = {B. Reniers and F. Verhaegen and S. Vynckier},
    title = {{The radial dose function of low-energy brachytherapy seeds in different solid phantoms: comparison between calculations with the EGSnrc and MCNP4C Monte Carlo codes and measurements}},
  journal=\pmb,
    year = 2004,
    volume = 49,
  pages={1569 -- 1582},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI pirs701 }
}

@article{Re04a,
    author = {B. Reniers and S. Vynckier and F. Verhaegen},
    title = {{Theoretical analysis of microdosimetric spectra and cluster formation for $^{103}$Pd and $^{125}$I photon emitters}},
  journal=\pmb,
    year = 2004,
    volume = 49,
    pages = {3781--3795},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj }
}

@article{Re05,
  author={N Reynaert and M Coghe and B De Smedt and L Paelinck and B
         Vanderstraeten and W De Gersem and B Van Duyse and C De Wagter and
         W De Neve and H Thierens},
  title={{The importance of accurate linear accelerator head modelling for
         IMRT Monte Carlo calculations}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={50},
  number={5},
  pages={831 -- 846},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/831},
  year={2005},
   keywords = {TG--105, OMEGAj},
  location = {TG-105 binder \pdf/Re05.pdf}
}

@article{Re79,
   author    = {H Reich},
   title     = {Choice of the measuring quantity for therapy-level dosemeters},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {895 -- 900},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = {24},
   number    = {5},
   keywords  = {PTB TG--51},
   location  = {\pdf/Re79.pdf}
}

@article{Re89,
   author    = {C. S.  Reft},
   title     = {{ Output calibration in solid water for high energy
       photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {299 -- 301},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   notes     = {Measured dose comparisons using water, solid water,
       polystyrene and PMMA},
   location  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms}
}

@article{Re94,
   author    = {D. F. G.  Reher and A. H. L.  Aalbers and H.  Bjerke and N.  Drugge and T.  Genka and M. J.  Rossiter and D.  Santry and J. P.  Septhon and J.  Seuntjens and G.  Sibbens and H.  Thierens and F.  Verhaegen and T. T.  Williams and M. J.  Woods},
   title     = {{ Second EUROMET comparison of air-kerma rate and activity
       measurements of $^{192}$Ir brachytherapy wires}},
   journal   = {Nucl Inst Meth},
   pages     = {386 -- 390},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {A339},
   keywords  = {intercomparison of air-kerma and activity measurements IRS94},
   location  = {DR 192 Ir binder}
}

@article{Ri04,
   author    = {M. J. Rivard and B. M. Coursey and L. A. DeWerd and
              M. S. Huq and G. S. Ibbott and M. G. Mitch and R. Nath and
              J. F. Williamson},
   title     = {{ Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised AAPM
       protocol for brchytherapy dose calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {633 -- 674},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {Brachytherapy sources, TG43  AAPM recommendations},
   location  = {\pdf/Ri04.pdf or TG43_update.pdf}
}

@article{Ri04a,
author = {M. J. Rivard and W. M. Butler and L. A. DeWerd and
         M. S. Huq and G. S. Ibbott and Z. Li and M. G. Mitch and
         R. Nath and J. F. Williamson},
title = {{Erratum: ``Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised
         AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations''
         [Med. Phys. {\bf 31}, 633--674 (2004)]}},
year = {2004},
journal = \mp,
volume = {31},
pages = {3532 -- 3533},
keywords = {brachytherapy; dosimetry; interpolation; iodine; palladium},
location={\pdf}
}

@article{Ri59,
  title={{Design of Free-Air Ionization Chambers for the
          Soft X-Ray Region (20-10 kv)}},
  author={Victor H. Ritz},
  journal={Radiology},
  volume={73},
  number={},
  pages={911--922},
  year={1959}
}

@article{Ri75,
   author    = {R. Ribberfors},
   title     = {{ }},
   journal   = {Phys. Rev. B},
   pages     = {2067},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj EGS4j},
   notes     = {Impulse Approximation for Compton scattering}
}

@article{Ri85,
   author    = {G.  Rikner},
   title     = {{Characteristics of a p-Si detector in high energy electron fields}},
   journal   = {Acta Rad. Oncol.},
   pages     = {71 -- 74},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {diode detectors},
   notes     = {Demonstrates that diode detector's response is the same
       as the depth-dose curve from a parallel plate detector.},
   location  = {DR's diode binder}
}

@article{Ri87,
   author    = {R. K.  Rice and J. H.  Hansen and
       G. K.  Svensson and R. L.  Siddon},
   title     = {{ Measurements of dose distributions in small beams
       of 6 MV x--rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1087 -- 1099},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 32,
   keywords  = {dose response as a function of detector size},
   location  = {Daryoush, binder A1-7}
}

@article{Ri88,
author = {R. K. Rice and J. L. Hansen and L. M. Chin and B. J. Mijnheer and
B. E. Bjarngard},
title = {{The influence of ionization chamber and phantom design on the
measurement of lung dose in photon beams}},
year = {1988},
journal = \mp,
volume = {15},
pages = {884 -- 890},
location = {\pdf/Ri88.pdf}
}

@article{Ri99,
   author    = {R. K. Rice and B. J. Mijnheer and L. M. Chin},
   title     = {{Benchmark Measurements for Lung Dose Corrections for
X-Ray Beams }},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {399 -- 409},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ro00a,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Comment on ``On the beam quality specification of
       high-energy photons for radiotherapy dosimetry [Med. Phys. {\bf 27}
       434 -- 440 (2000)]}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {441 -- 444},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {IRS00 NIHkQj TG--51},
   notes     = {An invited response to an article by Pedro Andreo about
       beam quality specifiers for photon beams.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro00a.pdf}
}

@article{Ro00c,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Why use TG--51 instead of TG--21}},
   journal   = {AAPM Newsletter},
   pages     = {17 -- 19},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {25,\#5},
   keywords  = {IRSo00 TG--51},
   notes     = {Reprint of Interactions article},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro00d,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Why To Use TG--51}},
   journal   = {Interactions (COMP Newsletter)},
   pages     = {106 -- 107},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {46,\#3},
   keywords  = {IRSo00 TG--51},
   notes     = {Reprint of Interactions article},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro00web,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow and J. P. Seuntjens and B.
       R. B. Walters},
   title     = {{ NRC User Codes for EGSnrc}},
   journal   = {Technical Report PIRS-702, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada},
   pages     = {(2000).\\},
   year      = {},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcr EGS4r},
   notes     = {EGSnrc User-Codes Manual: DOSRZnrc, CAVRZnrc, FLURZnrc, SPRRZnrc},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ro01a,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and J. McCaffrey and I. Kawrakow and K. R.
       Shortt},
   title     = {{Wall correction factors for graphite walled ion chambers}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCRI(1)/01--25 (BIPM, S\`{e}vres, France)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {Kwall Awall EGS4r EGSnrcr IRSr01},
   notes     = {This is a document for the CCRI meeting.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro01b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C.-M.  Ma and G. X.  Ding and B.  Walters
       and D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and G. G.  Zhang},
   title     = {{ BEAMnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509(a)revF},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {OMEGAr EGS4r EGSnrcr IRSr01},
   notes     = {Extensive user's manual which includes appendicies on Using the
       EGSnrc system at NRC and Specifications for Component Modules for
       BEAM. First version based on using EGSnrc.  },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro01c,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow and  N. V. Klassen and J. P.
       McCaffrey and C. K. Ross and K. R. Shortt and
       L. {Van der Zwan} and G. Daskalov},
   title     = {{ NRC Activities and Publications, 1999--2001: Report to
       CCRI(I) Meeting, BIPM}},
   journal   = {CCRI(1)00--23},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro02,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo Techniques in Radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {Phys. in Canada},
   pages     = {63 -- 70},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {58(\#2)},
   keywords  = {IRSo02},
   notes     = {Invited review article in special issue about Medical
       Physics in Canada}
}

@article{Ro02a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Review of `ICRU Report 64: Dosimetry of high-energy photon
       beams based on standards of absorbed dose to water'}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3663 -- 3665},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {47},
   keywords  = {IRS02},
   notes     = {This is a book review but it became quite long and was fully
       refereed because of its critical nature.}
}

@article{Ro04,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and B.  Walters and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ BEAMnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509(a)revH},
   year      = {2004},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr04 IRSr04 OMEGAr EGS4r EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {New authors and includes DBS.  },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro04a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Accuracy of the Burns equation for stopping-power ratio
              as a function of depth and R$_{50}$}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2961 -- 2963},
   year      = {2004},
     volume  = 31,
   keywords  = {nonNRC04 OMEGAj EGS4j pirs702 },
   location  = {\pdf/Ro04a.pdf }
}

@article{Ro05,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and B.  Walters and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ BEAMnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509(a)revI},
   year      = {2005},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr05 IRSr05 OMEGAr EGS4r EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {New authors and includes DBS.  },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro06,
    author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
    title     = {{Fifty years of Monte Carlo simulations for medical physics*}},
    journal   = \pmb,
    year  = {2006},
    pages     = {287 -- 301},
    volume    = 51,
    keywords  = {},
    location  = { }
}

@article{Ro09,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and B.  Walters and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ BEAMnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509(a)revL},
   year      = {2009},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr05 IRSr05 OMEGAr EGS4r EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {New EGSnrc options described. Documentation for DYNJAWS.  },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro52,
   author    = {B. B.  Rossi},
   title     = {{ High energy particles}},
   journal   = {Prentice Hall, New York},
   year      = {1952},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro69,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The 850 keV Resonance in $^{15}$N($\alpha,\gamma$)$^{19}$F}},
   journal   = {M.Sc. Thesis, University of Toronto},
   year      = {1969},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr69},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro71,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and K. W. Allen and H. C. Evans and N. A.
       Jelley and A. E. Litherland and B. Y. Underwood},
   title     = {{ The 5- Resonance in the $^{16}$O($\alpha,\gamma$)$^{20}$Ne
       Reaction at E$_{\alpha}$= 4.65 MeV}},
   journal   = {Phys. Lett.},
   pages     = {65 -- 67},
   year      = {1971},
   volume    = {37B},
   keywords  = {nonNRC71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro71a,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and J. H. Aitken and A. E. Litherland and
       W. R. Dixon and R. S. Storey},
   title     = {{ Radiative Width of the 6$^{+}$ level in $^{20}$Ne at 8.78
       MeV}},
   journal   = {Can. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {1397 -- 1400},
   year      = {1971},
   volume    = 49,
   keywords  = {nonNRC71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro71c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The Nuclear Structure of $^{19}$F}},
   journal   = {PhD   Thesis, University of Toronto},
   year      = {Dec., 1971},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro72,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and J. H. Aitken and A. E. Litherland},
   title     = {{ The $\frac{5}{2}^{-}$ Resonance at 850 keV in
       $^{15}$N($\alpha,\gamma$) $^{19}$F}},
   journal   = {Can. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {268 -- 277},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {nonNRC72},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro72a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and R. P. Beukens and  W. T. Diamond},
   title     = {{ Resonances in the $^{15}$N($\alpha,\gamma$)$^{19}$F
       Reaction Between E=1.68 and 2.72 MeV}},
   journal   = {Can. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {2428 -- 2443},
   year      = {1972},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {nonNRC72},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro73,
   author    = {H.  Roos and P.  Drepper and D.  Harder},
   title     = {{ The transition from multiple scattering to complete diffusion of high energy electrons}},
   journal   = {Proc. of 4th Symposium on Microdosimetry, (Commis. of Eur.  Comm. EUR 5122)},
   pages     = {779 -- 798},
   year      = {1973},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering measurements m  mass scattering power},
   location  = {DR's T/rho binder}
}

@article{Ro73a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and W. R.  Dixon and R. S. Storey},
   title     = {{ Evidence for the $\frac{11}{2}^{-}$ Member of the
       K = $\frac{1}{2}^{-}$ Band in $^{19}$}},
   journal   = {Can. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {1 -- 8},
   year      = {1973},
   volume    = 51,
   keywords  = {nonNRC73},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro73b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The Three Particle Structure of $^{19}$F}},
   journal   = {Nuc. Phys.},
   pages     = {465 -- 485},
   year      = {1973},
   volume    = {A207},
   keywords  = {nonNRC73},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro74,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and J. A. Becker and T. K. Alexander and
       N. Anyas-Weiss and T. A. Belote and S. P. Dolan and N. A. Jelley
       and W. L. Randolph},
   title     = {{ The Electromagnetic Decay of $^{17}$N}},
   journal   = {Nuc. Phys.},
   pages     = {424 -- 444},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = {A226},
   keywords  = {nonNRC74},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro74a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and N. Anyas-Weiss and T. A. Belote and
       S. P. Dolan and N. A. Jelley and W. L. Randolph},
   title     = {{ Lifetime Measurements in $^{17}$N using the Recoil-Distance
       Technique}},
   journal   = {Nuc. Phys.},
   pages     = {445 -- 453},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = {A226},
   keywords  = {nonNRC74},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro74b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The O.E.G. Physics Program Library}},
   journal   = {Oxford Nuclear Physics Lab Report},
   year      = {Jan, 1974},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr74},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro74c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Analytic and Graphical Methods for Assigning Errors to
       Parameters in Non-Linear Least Squares Fitting}},
   journal   = {NRC Report 14188},
   year      = {July, 1974},
   keywords  = {IRSr74},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro75,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Analytic and Graphical Methods for Assigning Errors to Parameters in Non-Linear Least Squares Fitting}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {253 -- 260},
   year      = {1975},
   volume    = 127,
   keywords  = {IRS75},
   notes     = {Developed correct method for a standard statistical problem which is often done incorrectly.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro76,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. L. Carter and T. J. M. Symons and
       S. P. Dolan and N. Anyas-Weiss and K. W. Allen},
   title     = {{ The Electromagnetic Decay of the T=$\frac{3}{2}$ States in
       $^{19}$F}},
   journal   = {Can. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {938 -- 943},
   year      = {1976},
   volume    = 54,
   keywords  = {nonNRC76},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ DOSE-VO1, A Fortran Program for Evaluating Albedo Dosimeter Readings}},
   journal   = {NRC Report Report PXNR 2450 (Ottawa)},
   year      = {1977},
   keywords  = {IRSr77},
   notes     = {Describes software developed for a joint project with Ontario Hydro's central safety services.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ PLC-A Fortran program for use in Calibrating a Precision Long Counter}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2433},
   year      = {1977},
   keywords  = {IRSr77},
   notes     = {Describes method for fitting measured data and extracting the neutron fluence.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ On the Definition of Dose Equivalent Received from a Neutron Flux}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2432},
   year      = {1977},
   keywords  = {IRSr77},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Three Common Problems}},
   journal   = {In Sixth ERDA Workshop on Personnel Neutron Dosimetry, Battelle Report PNL-2449},
   pages     = {90 -- 92},
   year      = {1977},
   keywords  = {IRSe77},
   notes     = {Describes three often un-recognized problems associated with measuring dose equivalent from neutron fields.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77d,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and M. L.  Walsh and B. H.  Orr and N.  Teekman},
   title     = {{ Albedo-Dosimeter response to Mono-energetic Neutrons}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {251 -- 254},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {IRS77},
   notes     = {Reported measured response of dosimeter being developed for Ontario Hydro.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77e,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{The $^{45}$Sc(p,n) Reaction as a Source of 10-50 keV Neutrons}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {475 -- 478},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {IRS77},
   notes     = {Describes use of van de Graaff accelerator to produce low energy neutron beams and pointed out problems in using more common $^7$Li(p,n) reaction.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77f,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and W. R. Dixon and   R. S. Storey},
   title     = {{ A Study of $^{28}$Si($\alpha,\gamma$) Resonances
       Below E$_{\alpha}$~=~3.83 MeV}},
   journal   = {Nuclear Physics},
   pages     = {345 -- 353},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = {A281},
   keywords  = {nonNRC77},
   notes     = {Used NRC van de Graaff to study this reaction in detail},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro77h,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and N. Anyas-Weiss and S. P. Dolan and
       N. A. Jelley and T. K. Alexander},
   title     = {{ Gamma Decay of the T=$\frac{3}{2}$ States in $^{25}$Al}},
   journal   = {Can. J. Phys.},
   pages     = {206 -- 211},
   year      = {1977},
   volume    = 55,
   keywords  = {nonNRC77},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro78,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ FITTER, A Fortran Non-Linear Least Squares Fitting Package for the PDP-11}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2477},
   year      = {1978},
   keywords  = {IRSr78},
   notes     = {Describes a general purpose fitting package which included an accurate estimate of uncertainties as described in 1975 paper.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro78a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A Note on the n-p Cross Section for Use in Recoil Proton Counter Efficiency Calculations}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2476},
   year      = {1978},
   keywords  = {IRSr78},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro78b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Conversion of neutrons/cm$^{2}$ to rem}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {395 -- 395},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {IRS78},
   notes     = {Pointed out that standard approaches/recommendations were in conflict with the original data.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro78c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Why not to trust a Neutron Remmeter}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2473},
   year      = {June, 1978},
   keywords  = {IRSr78},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro79,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Why Not to Trust a Neutron Remmeter}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {735 -- 742},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {IRS79},
   notes     = {Outlines problems with using standard neutron remmeter but concludes it is still best instrument available for survey measurements.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro79a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Energy Resource Requirements of a Solar Heating System}},
   journal   = {NRC Energy Project Report EP-79-1},
   year      = {Feb., 1979},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr79},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro80,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Energy Resource Requirements of a Solar Heating System}},
   journal   = {Energy},
   pages     = {75 -- 86},
   year      = {1980},
   volume    = {5},
   keywords  = {nonNRC80},
   notes     = {Energy analysis study of solar heating which showed that
       solar heating does pay back under reasonable assumptions.  Study pointed
       out that the energy from oversized electric pumps could represent a
       significant drawback.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro82,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ More realistic Monte Carlo calculations of photon detector response functions}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instrum. Meth.},
   pages     = {531 -- 548},
   year      = {1982},
   volume    = 199,
   keywords  = {IRS82 EGS4j},
   notes     = {EGS3 code was used to calculate NaI, Ge(Li) and Si detector response functions.},
   location  = {/pdf }
}

@article{Ro83,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The Use of Monte Carlo Techniques in Radiation Therapy}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of CCPM Course on Computation in Radiation Therapy, Canadian College of Physicists in Medicine, London, Ontario},
   year      = {1983},
   keywords  = {IRSe83 EGS3},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro83a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A Nearly Mono-Energetic 6 to 7 MeV Photon Calibration Source}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {127 -- 137},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 45,
   keywords  = {IRS83},
   notes     = {Describes a source for protection level calibrations which has been copied at NIST and PTB.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro84,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Low energy electron transport with EGS}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Inst. Meth.},
   pages     = {535 -- 548},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 227,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo IRS84 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Paper emphasizing the importance of step-size selection when using EGS4 to do simulations.},
   location  = {\pdf}
}

@article{Ro84a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Fluence to Dose Equivalent Conversion Factors Calculated
       with EGS3  for Electrons from 100 keV to 20 GeV and Photons
       from 20 keV to 20   GeV}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {891 -- 914},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo IRS84},
   notes     = {Calculated factors for radiation protection purposes which
       were adopted by the International Commission on Radiation
       Protection (Report 51, 1987) as the ``accepted'' values.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro84b,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and N. V.  Klassen and G. D.  Smith},
   title     = {{ The Effect of Various Dissolved Gases on the Heat Defect of Water}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {653 -- 658},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {water calorimter IRS84},
   notes     = {First quantitative investigations of thermal heat defects in water calorimeters used for radiation dosimetry.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro84c,
   author    = {D. W. O Rogers and A. E.  Bielajew and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Calculations of Electron Beams in Standard Dose Planning Geometries}},
   journal   = {Proc. of Eighth Int'l Conf. on the Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, (IEEE Press)},
   pages     = {140 -- 144},
   year      = {1984},
   keywords  = {IRSp84 EGS4p},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro84d,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew and G. M.  Ewart},
   title     = {{ $^{60}$Co beam contamination from the source capsule}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {401},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {IRSa84}
}

@article{Ro84e,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron beam dose distributions in standard 3D dose planning geometries}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {748},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {IRSa84}
}

@article{Ro84f,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and G. M. Ewart},
   title     = {{ Preliminary Report on a Project to Study Beam Contamination
       from a $^{60}$Co Head}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR 2640},
   year      = {Dec., 1984},
   keywords  = {IRSr84},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro84g,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron Fluence to Dose Equivalent Conversion Factors
       Calculated with EGS3  for Electrons and Positrons from
       100 keV to 20 GeV}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the International Beta Dosimetry
       Symposium'' (USNRC Wash, DC), Report NUREG/CP-0050},
   pages     = {43 -- 46},
   year      = {1984},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo IRSe84},
   notes     = {Talk at symposium Feb 15-18, 1983 in Washington},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro85a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Ion chamber response and $A_{\rm wall}$ correction factors in
       a $^{60}$Co beam by Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {429 -- 443},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {IRS85 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Calculates correction factors which are used in several
       dosimetry protocols.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro85a.pdf}
}

@article{Ro85aa,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and G. M Ewart and A. F.  Bielajew and G.
       {van Dyk}},
   title     = {{ Calculation of Contamination of the $^{60}$Co Beam from an AECL Therapy Source}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PXNR-2710},
   year      = {1985},
   keywords  = {Co spectrum IRSr85 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro85b,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Comparisons of Dosimetric Measurements and Calculations for Inhomogeneities Irradiated by Electron Beams}},
   journal   = {Proc. of VII Int. Conf. on Med. Phys, in Med. and Biol. Engin. and Comp.},
   pages     = {604 -- 605},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSe85 EGS4p},
   notes     = {Preliminary results of measurements reported later in full.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro85c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew and G.  {Van Dyk} and
       G. M.  Ewart},
   title     = {{ Calculation of the contamination of the beam from
       a $^{60}$Co therapy unit}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {515},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRSa85}
}

@article{Ro86,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Comments on the $^{60}$Co Graphite/Air Stopping-Power Ratio used in the AAPM Protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {964 -- 965},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRS86},
   notes     = {Points out that TG 21 used ICRU 37 stopping powers for electron beams and older (ICRU 35) stopping powers for photon beams, and these two data sets differ by up to 1.3\%.},
   location  = {TG--51 data base}
}

@article{Ro86a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The Role of the Ionizing Radiation Standards Section of NRC}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0061},
   year      = {1986},
   keywords  = {IRSr86},
   notes     = {An overview of the sections goals, objectives and clients.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro86b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Survey Instrument Calibrations in High Energy Photon Fields}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {555 -- 556},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 51,
   keywords  = {IRS86},
   notes     = {Letter pointing out errors in interpretation in another paper.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro86c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew and W. R.  Nelson and H.  Hirayama},
   title     = {{ Coherent scatter and stopping power effects in EGS4}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {593},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {IRSa86 EGS4a}
}

@article{Ro87,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Services Offered by the Ionizing Radiation Standards Section}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0094},
   year      = {1987},
   keywords  = {IRSr87},
   notes     = {Public relations description of services available.  Originally
       text of invited talk at WESCAN meeting.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro87a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Standards for Dosimetry}},
   journal   = {In``Proceedings of the CCPM Symposium on the Physics of Radiation Oncology: Evaluation and Perspectives'' (CCPM, Toronto)},
   year      = {1987},
   keywords  = {IRSe87},
   notes     = {Text of invited talk describing NRC's standards.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro87b,
   author    = {M. Roos},
   title     = {{A water calorimetric determination of absorbed dose to
       water}},
   journal   = {Thermochimica Acta},
   pages     = {81 -- 93},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = {119},
   keywords  = {calorimetry PTB},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro87b.pdf}
}

@article{Ro87d,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Book Review: Introduction to Radiological Physics and
Radiation Dosimetry by F. H. Attix}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {692},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = {14},
   keywords  = {IRS87},
 location    = {\pfd/Ro87d.pdf},
   notes     = {This is a book review.}
}

@article{Ro88,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and G. M Ewart and A. F.  Bielajew and
       G.  {van Dyk}},
   title     = {{ Calculation of Electron Contamination in a $^{60}$Co Therapy
       Beam}},
   journal   = {in ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on
       Dosimetry in Radiotherapy'' (IAEA, Vienna), Vol 1},
   pages     = {303 -- 312},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {Co spectrum IRS88 EGS4j},
   notes     = {Results of an AECL contract to help re-design their $^{60}$Co
       radiotherapy units. Presents on-axis photon spectrum
       which is distributed with EGS4 system},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro88a,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and N. V.  Klassen and K. R.  Shortt and G. D.  Smith},
   title     = {{ Water Calorimetry, with Emphasis on the Heat Defect}},
   journal   = {NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, NRC Report 29637},
   pages     = {69 -- 75},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {water calorimeter report IRSp88},
   notes     = {Describes water calorimetry at NRC.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro88b,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and A.  Nowak and R. S.  Storey and M.  Bercovitch and W. F.  Davidson},
   title     = {{ Operation of the NRCC Linear Accelerator with Average Electron Currents Less than 10 Attoamperes}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0088},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {IRSr88},
   notes     = {Documents the development of a technique for running the accelerator with single electrons per pulse.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro88c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Activities of the Ionizing Radiation Standards Section,
       1985-1988.  A Report to CCEMRI(1) of the BIPM.}},
   journal   = {BIPM Document CCEMRI(1)/88-25},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {IRSr88},
   notes     = {Progress Report to BIPM.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro89,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and N. V. Klassen and K. R. Shortt and G. D.  Smith},
   title     = {{A direct comparison of water calorimetry and Fricke dosimetry}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {23 -- 42},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {NRC IRS89},
   notes     = {Demonstrates that in a 20~MV photon beam, water calorimetry and
       fricke dosimetry agree within about 1\%.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro89.pdf}
}

@article{Ro89a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and S.  Duane and A. F.  Bielajew and W. R.  Nelson},
   title     = {{ Use of ICRU-37/NBS radiative stopping powers in the EGS4 system}},
   journal   = {National Research Council of Canada report PIRS-0177},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {IRSr89 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Reports an upgrade of the EGS4 data preparation package.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro89b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Fundamentals of the AAPM's TG--21 Dosimetry Protocol}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0198 (Ottawa, Ontario)},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {IRSr89},
   notes     = {Lecture notes for an AAPM Refresher course on the AAPM dosimetry protocol.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro90,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew and T. R.  Mackie and S. S.  Kubsad},
   title     = {{ The OMEGA Project: treatment planning for electron-beam
       radiotherapy using Monte Carlo techniques}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {285 -- 286},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa90 OMEGAa}
}

@article{Ro90a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Monte carlo Calculation of the Response of Parallel-Plate
       chambers in $^{60}$Co ~ beams}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--0259},
   year      = {Dec., 1990},
   keywords  = {IRSr90 EGS4r}
}

@article{Ro91,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The role of Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in radiation dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Int'l J of Appl. Radiation and Isotopes,},
   pages     = {965 -- 974},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 42,
   keywords  = {EGS4j stopping-power ratio OMEGAj review  IRS91},
   notes     = {Gives an overview of the OMEGA project to do electron beam treatment planning using Monte Carlo techniques and points out a disagreement with the analysis of uncertainties in stopping-power ratios done by Andreo and Fransson.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro91a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Compilation of Quantities Associated with Dosimetry Protocols}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 291, Ottawa},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {TG--51 comparisons  TG--51 data base  TG--51 fundamentals IRSr91},
   notes     = {Report with detailed calculations for 38 commercial ion chambers of various protocol quantities - for the AAPM, corrected AAPM and IAEA protocols.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro91b,
   author    = {M. J.  Rossiter and T. T.  Williams and G. A.  Bass},
   title     = {{ Air kerma rate calibration of small sources of $^{60}$Co, $^{137}$Cs, $^{226}$Ra and $^{192}$Ir}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {279 -- 284},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   notes     = {Used thin-walled spherical 3 litre graphite walled chamber, interpolated calibration factor which varied about 1\% Co to 100 keV.},
   location  = {DR binder 192Ir}
}

@article{Ro91c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Uncertainties in graphite to air stopping-power ratios}},
   journal   = {BIPM Document CCEMRI(1)91-12},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {IRSr91},
   notes     = {Report to CCEMRI committee of the BIPM.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro91d,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C.  Malamut and H. M.  Kramer and
       M.  Boutillon},
   title     = {{ Preliminary results of a comparison of Monte Carlo codes used in standards laboratories}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(1)/91-20},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {IRSr91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro91e,
   author    = {K. E. Rosser},
   title     = {{ Comparison of factors given in ICRU Report 23 and IAEA TRS 277 for converting from exposure/air kerma to absorbed dose to water for medium energy X--rays}},
   journal   = {NPL Report RSA(EXT)15},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {medium energy x--ray dosimetry TG61},
   notes     = {comparison IAEA87 and ICRU23 and discussion of problems},
   location  = {Jan}
}

@article{Ro92a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The advantages of absorbed-dose calibration factors}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1227 -- 1239},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19 ,
   keywords  = {kQ IRS92 TG--51 fundamentals protocol \pdf/Ro92a.pdf}
}

@article{Ro92c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Calibration of Parallel--Plate Ion Chambers: Resolution of Several Problems by Using Monte Carlo Calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {889 -- 899},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {EGS4j TG--51 parallel plate  IRS92},
   notes     = {Shows insulators behind air cavities can cause up to 5\%
       changes in the response. Presents factors needed to calibrate
       chambers free in air or in phantom. AAPM's TG-39 has recommended
       these values in a protocol.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro92c.pdf}
}

@article{Ro92d,
   author    = {M.  Roos and B.  Grosswendt and K.  Hohlfeld},
   title     = {{ An Experimental Method for Determining the Heat Defect of Water Using Total Absorption of High-energy Electrons}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {59 -- 65},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {heat defect},
   location  = {DR's water calorimeter binder}
}

@article{Ro92e,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross and A. F.  Bielajew and C.-M.  Ma and A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{ Corrections for vial walls and dose conversion in Fricke dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {817},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRSa92}
}

@article{Ro92f,
   author    = {K. E. Rosser},
   title     = {{ Measurement of Absorbed Dose to Water for Medium Energy X--rays}},
   journal   = {NPL Report RSA(EXT)33},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {medium energy x--ray dosimetry TG61},
   notes     = {comparison of 3 chambers to measure absorbed dose in medium energy x--ray beams},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro93,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ How accurately can EGS4/PRESTA calculate ion chamber response?}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {319 -- 323},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 20,
   keywords  = {IRS93 EGS4j}
}

@article{Ro93a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Uncertainties in the $^{60}$Co ~graphite to air stopping-power ratio and a re-evaluation of (W/e)$_{\rm air}$ values}},
   journal   = {Report PIRS--363  (National Research Council Canada, Ottawa,
       also BIPM Document CCEMRI(I)/93-28)},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {TG--51 fundamentals IRSr93 TG--51 standards},
   notes     = {Report argues that uncertainties on the graphite to air stopping-power ratio for $^{60}$Co ~beams has been underestimated and re-analyzes (W/e)$_{\rm air}$ values using the larger uncertainties.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro93b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Activities  at NRC, 1991--1993, Report to the CCEMRI(I)
       Meeting, BIPM, April 1993}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(I)/93--27},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94c,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and D. W. O.  Rogers and F.  Delaunay},
   title     = {{ A Test of TPR$^{20}_{10}$ as a Beam Quality Specifier for High-Energy Photon Beams}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/10, in Proceedings of Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {309 -- 321},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TG--51 beam quality specification binder IRS94},
   notes     = {Measured calibration factors in 20--30MV beams with differing filtrations show TPR$^{20}_{10}$ does not specify beam quality well.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94d,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and
                N. V.  Klassen and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Towards a Dosimetry System Based on Absorbed-Dose Standards}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/9 in Proc. of Symp. on Meas. Assurance
               in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {565 -- 580},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {TG--51 fundamentals IRS94},
   notes     = {Presents rationale for establishing primary standards of
               absorbed dose, progress towards this goal and an approach
               to a clinical protocol based on these standards.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94e,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Realistic Accelerator Simulations for External Beam Radiotherapy}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {671},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa94 OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94f,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and K. R.  Shortt and N. V.  Klassen and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The development of an absorbed dose to water standard and calibration service at NRC}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {792},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94g,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A clinical dosimetry system based on absorbed-dose standards}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {793},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94h,
   author    = {C. K.  Ross and N. V.  Klassen and K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ The development of a standard based on water calorimetry for absorbed dose to water}},
   journal   = {Proc. of NPL Water Calorimetry Workshop},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSp94},
   notes     = {Summary of NRC recent results concerning absorbed dose standards based on water calorimetry.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro94i,
   author    = {K. E. Rosser and B. Owen and A. R. DuSautoy and D. H. Pritchard
       and I. Stoker and C. J. Brend},
   title     = {{ The NPL absorbed dose to water calibration service
       for high energy photons}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/35, in Proceedings of Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, (IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {73 -- 81},
   year      = {1994},
   notes     = {data for kQ for NE2561},
   location  = {proceedings IAEA93 conference}
}

@article{Ro95,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and B. A.  Faddegon and G. X.  Ding and
       C.-M.  Ma and J.  Wei and T. R.  Mackie},
   title     = {{ BEAM: A Monte Carlo code to simulate radiotherapy treatment
       units}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {503 -- 524},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {TG--105, IRS95,EGS4j OMEGAj},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ro95.pdf},
   notes     = {Extensive paper describing a general purpose EGS4
       user-code for simulating radiotherapy sources - accelerators and Co
       source. }
}

@article{Ro95a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Using the NRC EGS System}},
   journal   = {Unpublished working notes},
   year      = {1995},
   notes     = {A quick and dirty guide to the NRC system for visitors and others trying to use it.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro95b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C.-M.  Ma and G. X.  Ding and B.  Walters},
   title     = {{ BEAM Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509a},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 OMEGAr EGS4r},
   notes     = {Extensive user's manual which includes appendicies on Using the
       EGS4 system at NRC and Specifications for Component Modules for BEAM.
       },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro95c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ NRC Activities and Publications, 1993--1995, Report to the CCEMRI(I) Meeting, BIPM, April 1995}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(I)/95--35},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95},
   location  = { },
   notes     = {}
}

@article{Ro95d,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Re-evaluation of (W/e) and (W/e) s$_{\rm gr,air}$: Status Report to CCEMRI(I) Meeting, BIPM, April 1995}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(I)/95--34},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro95e,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and G. X.  Ding and D. T.  Burns},
   title     = {{ R$_{50}$ as a beam quality specifier for selecting stopping-power ratios and reference depths for electron dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {950},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {IRSa95}
}

@article{Ro95f,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Ionizing Radiation Dosimetry and Medical Physics}},
   journal   = {Phys. in Canada},
   pages     = {178 -- 181},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {51(\#4)},
   keywords  = {IRSo95},
   notes     = {Invited review article in issue celebrating 100-th anniversary of
       the discovery of x-rays}
}

@article{Ro95g,
   author    = {C. K. Ross and N. V. Klassen and K. R. Shortt},
   title     = {{ Absorbed dose to water via water calorimetry: A status
       report}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(I)/95--36},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro95z,
   author    = {D. M.  Roback and F. M.  Khan and J. P.  Gibbons and A.  Sethi},
   title     = {{ Effective SSD for electron beams as a function of energy and
       beam collimation}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2093 -- 2095},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {effective SSD}
}

@article{Ro96a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{\typeout{****USE Ro97 instead of Ro96a********}}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {1997 (submitted)}
}

@article{Ro96b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A new dosimetry protocol: Summary}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1124(abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96 TG--51},
   notes     = {Abstract of AAPM refresher course on the new TG--51 protocol}
}

@article{Ro96d,
   author    = {V. Robar and C.  Zankowski and M. O.  Pla and E. B.  Podgorsak},
   title     = {{ Thermoluinescent dosimetry in electron beams: Energy
       Dependence}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {667 -- 673},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {TLDs cavity theory}
}

@article{Ro97,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C.-M.  Ma and G. X.  Ding and B.  Walters},
   title     = {{ BEAM Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509(a)revB},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {EGS4r},
   notes     = {Extensive user's manual which includes appendicies on Using the
       EGS4 system at NRC and Specifications for Component Modules for BEAM.
       },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro97a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F. Bielajew and N. V.  Klassen and
       C. K.  Ross and  J. P.  Seuntjens and K. R.  Shortt and
       L. {Van der Zwan}},
   title     = {{ NRC Activities and Publications, 1995--1997: Report to
       CCEMRI(I) Meeting, BIPM}},
   journal   = {CCEMRI(1)97--29},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSr97},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro97a.pdf}
}

@article{Ro98,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ A new  approach to electron beam reference dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {310 -- 320},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {IRS98 TG--51},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro98.pdf},
   notes     = {Proposal for electron beam dosimetry based on absorbed
       dose calibration factors and d$_{\rm ref}$ = 0.6 R_{50} - 0.1$ cm. It is
       the basis of the TG--51 protocol of the AAPM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro98a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C.-M.  Ma and G. X.  Ding and B.  Walters
       and D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and G. G.  Zhang},
   title     = {{ BEAM98 Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509(a)revC},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {OMEGAr EGS4r IRSr98},
   notes     = {Extensive user's manual which includes appendicies on Using the
       EGS4 system at NRC and Specifications for Component Modules for BEAM.
       },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro98c,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K. Ross and J. P. Seuntjens and
       K. R. Shortt},
   title     = {{ Rationale for a new dosimetry protocol in Canada}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1072},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {IRSa98 TG--51 NIHkQa},
   notes     = {Abstract for presentation at CCPM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro98d,
   author    = {*********cite TG51 instead*****************},
   title     = {{ AAPM's TG--51 Protocol for Clinical Reference Dosimetry
       of High-Energy Photon and Electron Beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {1999},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro98e,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ \typeout{******Use Ro99 instead of Ro98e**************} }},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {submitted Sept, 1998},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro98f,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K. Ross and J. P. Seuntjens
       and K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ Rationale for a New Dosimetry Protocol in Canada}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {21 -- 24},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSe98 TG--51 NIHkQp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ro98g,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry based on absorbed-dose calibration factors}},
   journal   = \green,
   pages     = {S24 (abstract)},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {48 (Suppl 1)},
   keywords  = {IRSa98 TG--51},
   notes     = {Abstract for invited talk at 1998 ESTRO meeting in Edinburgh},
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}

@article{Ro98h,
  title={{An alternative beam quality index for medium-energy x-ray dosimetry}},
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  pages={587},
  year={1998},
  publisher={IOP Publishing}
}

@article{Ro99,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Correcting for electron contamination at dose maximum
       in photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {533 -- 537},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = {26},
   keywords  = {IRS99 OMEGAj NIHkQj EGS4j TG--51},
   notes     = {Reports factors for using a 1~mm lead foil at 50 or 30
       cm from a phantom to estimate the photon component
       of the depth-dose at 10~cm.},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro99.pdf}
}

@article{Ro99a,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow and  N. V. Klassen and
       C. K.  Ross and J. P.  Seuntjens and K. R. Shortt and
       L. {Van~der~Zwan} and J. Borg  and G. Daskalov},
   title     = {{ NRC Activities and Publications, 1997--1999: Report to
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   journal   = {CCRI(1)99--24},
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   keywords  = {IRSr99},
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}

@article{Ro99b,
   author    = {G. Rossi and M. Sanchez del Rio and P. Fajardo and J. Morse},
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   journal   = \nima,
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   volume    = {432},
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}

@article{Ru04,
author = {T Rusch and S. Davis and L. DeWerd and R. Burnside and S. Axelrod
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title = {{Characterization of a new miniature x-ray source for electronic
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year = {2004},
journal = \mp,
volume = {31},
pages = {1807(abs)},
}

@article{Ru05,
author = {K. R. Russell and A. K. Carlsson-Tedgren and A. Ahnesj\"{o}},
title = {{Brachytherapy source characterization for improved dose
calculations using primary and scatter dose separation}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {9},
pages = {2739 -- 2752},
keywords = {brachytherapy; dosimetry; medical computing; measurement errors; phantoms; reviews; iridium},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2739/1},
location = {\pdf}
}

@article{Ru05a,
author = {T Rusch and T Bohm and M Rivard},
title = {{Monte Carlo Modeling of the Xoft AXXENT X-Ray Source}},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
pages = {2017 -- 2018(abs)},
}

@article{Ru07,
    author = {D. J. La Russa and M.R. McEwen and D. W. O. Rogers},
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    pages = {4690-4699},
    keywords = {biomedical equipment; ionisation chambers; Monte Carlo methods; standards; X-ray applications},
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    doi = {10.1118/1.2799580}
}

@article{Ru98,
   author    = {S. N. Rustgi and A. K. Rustgi and S. B. Jiang and K. M. Ayyangar},
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@article{SA55,
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@article{SB01,
   author    = {D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers},
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@article{SB03,
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@article{SB86,
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@article{SB89,
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@article{SB94,
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@article{SB94a,
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@article{SB98,
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@article{SC05,
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@article{SCRA66,
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@article{SCRA71,
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@article{SF03,
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@article{SF85,
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@article{SP96,
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@article{SR03,
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@article{SR86,
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@article{SR93,
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}

@article{SR95,
   author    = {Daryoush  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAM Example: A 16 MV photon beam}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--509i},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95  EGS4r OMEGAr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{SR96,
   author    = {Daryoush  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Variance reduction by selective bremsstrahlung splitting}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {808 (abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96 EGS4a OMEGAa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{SR99,
   author    = {D. Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Selective bremsstrahlung splitting: A robust method to
       improve the efficiency of photon beam simulations of linacs}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {in preparation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{SR99a,
   author    = {D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Derivation of the incident electron parameters in photon
       beam Monte Carlo simulations}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1165},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa96 OMEGAa}
}

@article{SS02,
   author    = {K. J. Stewart and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Comparing calibration methods of electron beams using
       plane-parallel chambers with absorbed-dose to water based protocols}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {284 -- 289},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {Pwall TG--51 ik_misc },
   location  = {\pdf/SS02.pdf TG--51
       binder}
}

@article{SS98,
   author    = {K. Shortt and J. Shobe},
   title     = {{ Comparison of Dosimetry Calibration Services at the
       NRCC and NIST}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1579},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {IRSa98}
}

@article{ST04a,
author = {M. Stasi and B. Baiotto and G. Barboni and G. Scielzo},
title = {The behavior of several microionization chambers in small
         intensity modulated radiotherapy fields},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2004},
   journal   = \mp,
volume = {31},
number = {10},
pages = {2792 -- 2795},
location = {dave's imrt dosimetry binder}
}

@article{ST66,
   author    = {E. A. Sprinle and P. A. Tate},
   title     = {{ The stauration curve in cylindrical and spherical
       ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {31 -- 46},
   year      = {1966},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {recombination calculation},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{ST68,
   author    = {C. W.  Sandifer and M.  Taherzadeh},
   title     = {{ Measurement of LINAC thick-target bremsstrahlung spectra using a large NaI scintillation spectrometer}},
   journal   = {IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science},
   pages     = {336 -- 345},
   year      = {1968},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {NaI, spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {bremsstrahlung spectral measurement binder}
}

@article{SV96,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and F.  Verhaegen},
   title     = {{ Dependence of overall correction factor of a cylindrical ionization chamber on field size and depth in medium energy X-ray beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1789 -- 1796},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRS96, TG61},
   location  = { }
}

@article{SW59,
   author    = {A. J. D.  Szilvasi and G. N.  Whyte},
   title     = {{ The Energy Response of a Victoreen Condenser Ionization Chamber}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {207 -- 211},
   year      = {1959},
   volume    = 3,
   keywords  = {IRS59},
   location  = {\pdf/SW59.pdf}
}

@article{SW91,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry and R. D.  Werner},
   title     = {{ Measured Stopping Powers of 12C and 14N ions in Thin Elemental Films}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr.  Meth.},
   pages     = {7 -- 14},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = {B53},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa03,
   author    = {F. {S\'{a}nchez-Doblado} and P. Andreo and R. Capote and A.
       Leal and M. Perucha and R. Arr\'{a}ns and L. N\'{u}nez and
       E. Mainegra and J.  I. Lagares and E. Carrasco},
   title     = {{ Ionization chamber dosimetry of small photon fields: a
       Monte Carlo study on stopping-power ratios for radiosurgery
       and IMRT beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2081 -- 2099},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 48,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGSnrcj egsI pirs702 },
   notes     = {Led to an exchange of letters with Jan Seuntjens and Frank V
       since paper ignores everything except sprs and implies that
       is all that matters},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Sa05,
author = {Amit Sawant and Larry E. Antonuk and Youcef El-Mohri and Yixin Li and Zhong Su and Yi Wang and Jin Yamamoto and Qihua Zhao and Hong Du and Jurgen Daniel and Robert Street},
title = {{Segmented phosphors: MEMS-based high quantum efficiency detectors for megavoltage x-ray imaging}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {553--565},
keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/553/1}
}

@article{Sa05a,
author = {Amit Sawant and Larry E. Antonuk and Youcef El-Mohri and Qihua Zhao and Yixin Li and Zhong Su and Yi Wang and Jin Yamamoto and Hong Du and Ian Cunningham and Misha Klugerman and Kanai Shah},
title = {{Segmented crystalline scintillators: An initial investigation of high quantum efficiency detectors for megavoltage x-ray imaging}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {32},
number = {10},
pages = {3067-3083},
keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/3067/1}
}

@article{Sa31,
   author    = {F.  Sauter},
   title     = {{ \"Uber den atomaren Photoeffekt in der K-Schale nach der relativistischen Wellenmechanik Diracs}},
   journal   = {Ann. Physik},
   pages     = {454 -- 488},
   year      = {1931},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {Photoelectron angular distribution theory},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa73,
   author    = {M. Sabel, Th. Schmidt and H. Pauly},
   title     = {{ Heat Defect of Low Energy X-rays Absorbed in Carbon and
       Various Plastics}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {519 --521},
   year      = {1973},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = {Measured heat defect of graphite in air and vacuum and
       find 0.38$\pm$0.61\%. The concern is about disolved oxygen.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa80,
  title={{L subshell ionisation of tungsten by low-energy electrons}},
  author={Salgueiro, L. and Ferreira, JG and Carvalho, ML and Ramos, MT},
  journal={Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics},
  volume={13},
  pages={3849},
  year={1980},
  publisher={IOP Publishing}
}

@article{Sa86,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{ The NRCC Calibration Service for  Radionuclide Calibrators In Canadian Hospitals}},
   journal   = {Transactions of the American Nuclear Society},
   pages     = {17 -- 18},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 53,
   keywords  = {IRS86},
   notes     = {Describes the NRCC service. Text of an invited talk.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa87,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry and G. C.  Bowes and K.  Munzenmayer},
   title     = {{ Precision electronics for ionization chamber measurements}},
   journal   = {Appl. Radiat. Isot.},
   pages     = {879 -- 883},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {IRS87},
   notes     = {Describes an inexpensive but accurate ionization measurement system.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa87a,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry and G. C.  Bowes and K.  Munzenmayer},
   title     = {{ Standardization of $^{67}$Ga by live-timed anti-coincidence counting with extending dead time}},
   journal   = {Appl. Radiat. Isot.},
   pages     = {787 -- 791},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {IRS87},
   notes     = {Describes a more accurate way to standardize this isotope, using techniques developed at NRC.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa87b,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{ The Calibration of Radionuclide Calibrators in Canadian Hospitals}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0089},
   year      = {1987},
   keywords  = {IRSr87},
   notes     = {Description of the NRCC service.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa91,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{ Radionuclide metrology progress report for NRCC}},
   journal   = {Working Document BIPM, CCEMRI(II) 91-20},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {IRSr91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa93,
   author    = {Y.  Sakamoto},
   title     = {{ Photon cross section data PHOTX for PEGS4 code}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the Third EGS4 User's Meeting in Japan'' (KEK, Japan)},
   pages     = {77 -- 82},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {Co spectrum},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa93a,
   author    = {D. C. Santry},
   title     = {{ Radionuclide Metrology Report for the National Research
       Council of Canada}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(II)/93--12},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93}
}

@article{Sa94a,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{ INMS Calibration Service for Radionuclide Calibrators in Canadian Hospitals}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0089},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {IRSr94},
   notes     = {Revision of description of the NRCC service.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa94b,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{ Calibration of Radionuclide Calibrators in Nuclear Medicine}},
   journal   = {Clinical Nuclear Medicine},
   pages     = {934 -- 935},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa95a,
   author    = {D. C. Santry},
   title     = {{ Radionuclide Metrology Report for the National Research
       Council of Canada}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(II)/95--24},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95}
}

@article{Sa96,
   author    = {F. Salvat and J. M. Fernandez-Varea and J. Baro and J. Sempau},
   title     = {{ PENELOPE, an algorithm and computer code for Monte Carlo
       simulation of electron-photon showers}},
   journal   = {University of Barcelona Report},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {PENELOPE manual},
   location  = {Iwan's office}
}

@article{Sa96a,
   author    = {A. S\"{a}therberg and P. Andreo and M. Karlsson},
   title     = {{Bremsstrahlung production at 50 MeV in different
       target materials and configurations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {495 -- 503},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {23},
   keywords  = {ITS},
   notes     = {Monte Carlo calculations, comparison to measurements,
       problems getting radial profile of pencil beam near central axis},
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{Sa96b,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{Service d'\`{e}talonnage du CNRC pour les
       \`{e}talonneurs de radionucl\`{e}ides des h\^{o}pitaux canadiens}},
   journal   = {CNRC PIRS-0089},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {IRSr96},
   notes     = {translation of Sa87b},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa97,
   author    = {D. C.  Santry},
   title     = {{ The Canadian Experience in Performing Accuracy Checks
       on Administered Doses of Radiopharmaceuticals}},
   journal   = {J. Appl. Radiat. Isot.},
   pages     = {1453 -- 1458},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 49,
   keywords  = {IRS98},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sa97a,
   author    = {D. C. Santry},
   title     = {{ Radionuclide Metrology Report for the National Research
       Council of Canada}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(II)/97--23},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSr97}
}

@article{Sc00,
   author    = {A.  {Schach von Wittenau} and P. M.  Bergstrom and L. J.  Cox},
   title     = {{ Patient-dependent beam-modifier physics in Monte Carlo photon
       dose calculations}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {935 -- 947},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   notes     = {TG--105, PEREGRINE, OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {\pdf/Sc00.pdf TG--105 binder}
}

@article{Sc05,
author = {Paolo Scalchi and Paolo Francescon and Priyadarshini Rajaguru},
title = {{Characterization of a new MOSFET detector configuration for in vivo skin dosimetry}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {6},
pages = {1571--1578},
keywords = { xvmcI OMEGAj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1571/1}
}

@article{Sc51,
   author    = {L. I.  Schiff},
   title     = {{ Energy and angular distribution for thin-target bremsstrahlung}},
   journal   = {Phys Rev},
   pages     = {252 -- 253},
   year      = {1951},
   volume    = 83,
   location  = { }
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@article{Sc63,
   author    = {W. T.  Scott},
   title     = {{ The theory of small-angle multiple scattering of fast particles}},
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   volume    = 35,
   location  = { }
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@article{Sc70,
   author    = {H. J.  Schulz},
   title     = {{ Aufbau des Sekund\"arelektronenenspektrums energiereicher Elektronen; ein spezielles Problem des Durchgangs von Elektronen durch Materie}},
   journal   = {Dissertation W\"urzburg},
   year      = {1970},
   keywords  = {multiple scattering},
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@article{Sc86,
   author    = {R. J.  Schulz and P. R.  Almond and G.  Kutcher and
       R.  Loevinger and R.  Nath and D. W. O.  Rogers and
       N.  Suntharalingham and K. A.  Wright and F.  Khan},
   title     = {{ Clarification of the AAPM Task Group 21 Protocol}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {755 -- 759},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 13,
   keywords  = {protocol IRS86},
   notes     = {Attempt to clarify TG 21 protocol which introduced some new
       errors but which did not introduce any changes in results.},
   location  = {TG--51 protocol binder \pdf/Sc96.pdf}
}

@article{Sc87,
   author    = {R. J.  Schulz and C. S.  Wu and M. J. Weinhous},
   title     = {{The direct determination of dose-to-water using a water
       calorimeter}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {790 -- 796},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sc88,
   author    = {U.  Schneider and B.  Grosswendt and H. M.  Kramer},
   title     = {{ Perturbation correction factor for x--rays between 70 and 280 kV.}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the IAEA International Symposium on Dosimetry in Radiotherapy'' (IAEA, Vienna), Vol 1, IAEA-SM-298/34},
   pages     = {141 -- 148},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {TG61},
   notes     = {where many problems started..},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sc96,
    author = {U. Schneider and E. Pedroni and A. Lomax},
    title  = {{ The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy
                treatment planning }},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume  = {41},
    year    = {1996},
    pages   = {111 -- 124},
    notes   = {CT calibration},
    location = { \pdf/Sc96.pdf}
}

@article{Sc98,
   author    = {A.  {Schach von Wittenau} and L.  Cox and P.  Bergstrom and
       R.  House and W.  Chandler and C.  {Hartmann-Siantar}  and R.  Mohan},
   title     = {{Accelerator--specific photon phase space description and
       sampling techniques in the PEREGRINE Monte Carlo dose
       calculation system}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {A142},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   notes     = {PEREGRINE, OMEGAa, MCNP},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sc99,
   author    = {A.  {Schach von Wittenau} and L. J.  Cox and P. M.  Bergstrom
       and W. P.  Chandler and C. L.  {Hartmann-Siantar} and R. Mohan},
   title     = {{ Correlated histogram representation of Monte Carlo derived
       medical accelerator photon-output phase space}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1196 -- 1211},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   notes     = {PEREGRINE, OMEGAj MCNP EGS4j},
   keywords  ={TG--105, OMEGAj},
   location  = {TG--105 binder, \pdf/Sc99.pdf}
}

@article{Se00,
   author    = {J. Sempau and S. J. Wilderman and A. F. Bielajew},
   title     = {{ DPM, a fast, accurate Monte Carlo code optimized for
       photon and electron radiotherapy treatment planning dose calculations}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2263 -- 2291},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 45,
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder \pdf/Se00.pdf},
   keywords  = { xvmcI ik_misc2 }
}

@article{Se01,
   author    = {J. Sempau and A. S\'anchez-Reyes and F. Salvat and H. Oulad ben
       Tahar and S. B. Jiang and J. M. Fern\'andez-Varea},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of electron beams from an accelerator
       head using PENELOPE}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1163 -- 1186},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {TG--105, EGS4j, OMEGAj, PENELOPE, uncertainty analysis},
   location  = {TG-105 biner, \pdf/Se01.pdf, Dave's BEAM binder 2001}
}

@article{Se01a,
   author    = {T. P. Selvam and K. N. G. Rajan and P. S. Nagarajan and P.
       Sethulakshmi and B. C. Bhatt},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo aided room scatter studies in the primary air
       kerma strength standardization of a remote afterloading
       $^{192}$Ir HDR source}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2299 -- 2315},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {192-Ir ik_misc },
   location  = {Dave's 192-Ir binder 2001 \pdf/Se01a.pdf}
}

@article{Se03,
   author    = {S. M Seltzer and P. J. Lamperti and R. Loevinger and M. G.
               Mitch and J. T. Weaver and B. M. Coursey},
   title     = {{New National Air-Kerma-Strength Standards for $^{125}$I
              and $^{103}$Pd Brachytherapy Seeds}},
   journal   = {J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 108,
   pages     = {337 -- 358},
   keywords  = {WAFAC, NIST},
   notes      = {\\minor erratum vol 109, p301 re units in Table 5},
   location  = {\pdf/Se03.pdf, Daves x-ray kerma comparison binder}
}

@article{Se03a,
  author={J. Sempau and J. M. Fernández-Varea and E. Acosta and F. Salvat},
  title={{Experimental benchmarks of the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE}},
  journal=\nimb,
  volume={207},
  number={2},
  pages={107 -- 123},
  year={2003},
keywords ={},
  location = {\pdf/Se03a.pdf Daves Penelope binder}
}

@article{Se04,
  author={J. Sempau and P. Andreo and J. Aldana and J. Mazurier and F. Salvat},
  title={{Electron beam quality correction factors for plane-parallel
       ionization chambers: Monte Carlo calculations using the PENELOPE
       system}},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={49},
  number={18},
  pages={4427 -- 4444},
  year={2004},
  keywords ={TG--51 egsI egs_II egsnrc_pII ik_misc },
  location = {\pdf/Se04.pdf kcel}
}

@article{Se05,
   author    = {T. P. Selvam and P. R. B. Saull and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{  Monte Carlo modelling of the response of
NRC's $^{90}$Sr/$^{90}$Y primary beta standard}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages = {3084 -- 3094},
  volume = {32},
   year      = {2005},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj IRS05j nonNRC05j},
}

@article{Se05a,
   author    = {J. Seco and E. Adams and M. Bidmead and M. Partridge and F. Varhaegen},
   title     = {{ Head-and-neck IMRT treatments assessed with a Monte Carlo dose calculation engine}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {817 -- 830},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Se05a.pdf}
}

@article{Se05b,
author = {Jan Seuntjens and Marina Olivares and Michael Evans and Ervin Podgorsak},
title = {{Absorbed dose to water reference dosimetry using solid phantoms in the context of absorbed-dose protocols}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {9},
pages = {2945--2953},
keywords = { EGSnrcj pirs701 pirs702 OMEGAj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/2945/1}
}

@article{Se67a,
   author    = {A.  Septier},
   title     = {{ Focussing of Charged Particles Volume I}},
   journal   = {Academic Press},
   year      = {1967},
   location  = {New York}
}

@article{Se79,
   author    = {W. W. Seelentag and W. Panzer and G. Drexler and L. Platz and F. Santner},
   title     = {{ A catalogue of spectra for the calibration of dosemeters.}},
   journal   = {GSF Bericht 560, Gesellschaft fur Strahlen- und Umweltforschung GmbH, Munich, Unpublished},
   year      = {1979},
   keywords  = {TG61, X--ray spectra},
   location  = { }
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@article{Se87,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and H.  Thierens and A.  {Van~der~Plaetsen} and O.  Segaert},
   title     = {{ Conversion factor f for X--ray beam qualities specified by peak tube potential and HVL value}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {595 -- 603},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 32,
   keywords  = {TG61, medium energy X-rays, photon fluence spectra,
       rad to cGy conversion, beam quality specification nonNRC87},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se87a,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and H.  Thierens and O.  Segaert},
   title     = {{ Response of coaxial Ge(Li) detectors to narrow beams of photons for stripping of X-ray bremsstrahlung spectra}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr. Meth.},
   pages     = {127 -- 131},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = {A258},
   keywords  = {TG61, bremsstrahlung spectra, stripping procedure,
       spectrometer response, Monte-Carlo calculations nonNRC87},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se88,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and H.  Thierens and A.  {Van~der~Plaetsens} and O.  Segaert},
   title     = {{ Determination of absorbed dose to water with ionisation chambers calibrated in free air for medium energy X-rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1171 -- 1185},
   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 33,
   keywords  = {TG61, medium energy X-rays, IAEA TRS-277, Monte-Carlo
       calculations, perturbation correction factor nonNRC88},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se88a,
   author    = {S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ A PC-based program EPSTAR/ESPA}},
   journal   = {private communication},
   year      = {1988},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se88b,
   author    = {J. Seuntjens and H. Thierens and A. Poffijn and O. Segaert},
   title     = {{ Water calorimetry in medium energy X--ray beams}},
   journal   = {NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, NRC Report 29637},
   pages     = {101 -- 107},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {medium energy X--rays, open water calorimeter, TG61 nonNRCp88},
   notes     = {describes first attempts to measure absorbed dose to water in med energy x--rays},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se89a,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and H.  Thierens and A.  Poffijn and O.  Segaert},
   title     = {{ Water calorimetry in medium energy X-ray beams}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Water Calorimetry, National Research Council, june 6-7, 1988, Ottawa, Canada},
   pages     = {101 -- 107},
   year      = {1989},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, water calorimetry nonNRCp89},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se91,
   author    = {S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Electron-photon Monte Carlo calculations: the ETRAN code}},
   journal   = {Int'l J of Appl. Radiation and Isotopes,},
   pages     = {917 -- 941},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 42,
   keywords  = {ETRAN, multiple scattering, sampling algorithms},
   notes     = {Gives an overview of ETRAN physics with particular attention tomultiple scattering and the underlying cross sections. Also gives adescription of TLC, Seltzer's PRESTA algorithm.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se91a,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Comparative Study of Ion Chamber Dosimetry and Water Calorimetry in Medium Energy x-ray beams}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, Gent University (Standard Dosimetry Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Physics, 1991)},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {TG61 nonNRCr91},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se92,
   author    = {H. J.  Selbach and K.  Hohlfeld and H. M.  Kramer},
   title     = {{ An Experimental Method for Measuring the Heat Defect of Water Using Total Absorption of Soft X-Rays}},
   journal   = {Metrologia},
   pages     = {341 -- 347},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {water calorimeter, heat defect},
   location  = {daves water calorimeter binder}
}

@article{Se93,
   author    = {S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Calculation of photon mass energy-transfer and mass energy-absorption coefficients (dosimetry application)}},
   journal   = {Radiation Research},
   pages     = {147 -- 170},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 136,
   keywords  = {TG61},
   notes     = {The definitive set of mass energy absorption coefficients.},
   location  = {DR binder on photon cross sections  DR has raw data}
}

@article{Se93a,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and H.  Thierens and U.  Schneider},
   title     = {{ Correction factors for a cylindrical chamber used in medium energy x--ray beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {805 -- 832},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {water calorimetry, cylindrical ionchambers, Monte-Carlo
       calculations, correction factors, TG61 nonNRC93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se93b,
   author    = {J. P.  Sephton and M. J.  Woods and M. J.  Rossiter and T. T.  Williams and J. C. J.   Dean and G. A.  Bass and S. E. M.  Lucas},
   title     = {{ Calibration of the NPL secondary standard radionuclide calibrator for $^{192}$Ir bracytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1157 -- 1164},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   notes     = {For Amersham wires/pins, calibrate vs air kerma rate and activity. 7\% variation depending on source configuration. Overall 1.5\%(1sd).},
   location  = {DR 192Ir binder}
}

@article{Se93c,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and A.  {Van der Plaetsen}  and K.  {Van
       Laere}
       and H.  Thierens},
   title     = {{ Study of correction factors and the relative heat defect of
       a water calorimetric determination of absorbed dose to water in
       high energy photon beams.}},
   journal   = {IAEA-SM-330/6 in: Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry. Proceedings of a Symposium, Vienna 24--27 May, 1993 (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {45 -- 59},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {nonNRC93},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se94,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and A.  {Van~der~Plaetsen} and H.  Thierens
       and M.  Piessens},
   title     = {{ Comparison of measured and calculated dose distributions
       in lung after electron beam treatment of the chest wall}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1959 -- 1968},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {thorax phantom, lung, electron beams, thermoluminiscent
       dosimeters, Monte Carlo, 2D pencil beam algorithm nonNRC94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se94a,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and A.  {Van~der~Plaetsen} and K.  Van~Laere and H.  Thierens},
   title     = {{  Study of correction factors and the relative heat defect of a water calorimetric determination of absorbed dose to water}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the Int. Symp. on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, 24-27 May, Vienna, Austria, IAEA SM 330/6},
   pages     = {45 -- 59},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {water calorimetry, heat loss corrections, high energy photon
       beam, ferrous sulphate dosimetry nonNRC94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se94b,
   author    = {J.  Seuntjens and H.  Palmans and F.  Verhaegen and J.-M.  Denis and S.  Vynckier and H.  Thierens},
   title     = {{ Water Calorimetry in a clinical 85 MeV proton beam}},
   journal   = {Proc. of NPL Water Calorimetry Workshop},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {nonNRCp94},
   notes     = {calorimetric measurements in the LLN proton beam and comparison
       with iopn chamber dosimetry, test of heat defect calculations for
       modulated proton beam},
   location  = {Jan}
}

@article{Se96,
   author    = {J. P.  Seuntjens and K. R. Shortt and C. K. Ross and
       C. M. Ma and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Measurement of beam quality factors $k_Q$ for cylindrical
       ionization chambers in high energy photon beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1071},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96, TG--51 NIHkQa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se96b,
   author    = {J. Seuntjens and N. V. Klassen and D. C. Marchington},
   title     = {{Construction of a 4 $^o$C sealed water calorimeter for measuring absorbed dose in high energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {805 (abstract)},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Se96c,
   author    = {J. Seuntjens and N. V. Klassen and D. C. Marchington},
   title     = {{Construction of a 4 $^o$C sealed water calorimeter for measuring absorbed
       dose in high energy photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1996 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {186 -- 189},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {IRSe96}
}

@article{Se97b,
   author    = {J. Sempau and E. Acosta and J. Baro and J. M.  Fernandez-Varea and F. Salvat},
   title     = {{An algorithm for Monte Carlo
       simulation of coupled electron-photon transport}},
   journal   = \nimb,
   volume    = 132,
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {PENELOPE},
   location  = {TG--105 binder, Penelope binder \pdf/Se97b.pdf}
}

@article{Se97c,
   author    = {J. P. Seuntjens and C. K. Ross and K. R. Shortt and N. V. Klassen},
   title     = {{Energy dependence of the radiation chemical yield of the Fricke dosimeter in high energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {(abstract)},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {IRSa97}
}

@article{Se98,
   author    = {J. P.  Seuntjens and I. Kawrakow and C. K. Ross},
   title     = {{Natural convection in sealed water calorimeters operated
       at 22$^{\rm o}$C}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1580},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {IRSa98 NIHkQa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se99c,
   author    = {J. P.  Seuntjens and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Accuracy tests of the new EGSnrc Monte Carlo system
       in the simulation of ion chamber response in low energy
       photon beams}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1121},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {IRSa99 NIHkQa EGS4a EGSnrca},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Se99d,
   author    = {J. P. Seuntjens and C. K. Ross and K. R. Shortt and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Absorbed-dose beam quality conversion factors for cylindrical
       chambers in high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2763 -- 2779},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {27},
   keywords  = {IRS00 NIHkQj},
   location  = {\pdf/Se99d.pdf}
}

@article{Se99e,
   author    = {J. P.  Seuntjens and I. Kawrakow and C. K. Ross},
   title     = {{Revisiting convective motion in stagnant water calorimeters
       operated at room temperature}},
   journal   = {to be submitted to Phys. Med. Biol.},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {NIHkQj},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh00,
   author    = {D.  Sheikh-Bagheri and D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross and
       J. P.  Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Comparison of measured and Monte Carlo calculated dose
       distributions from the NRC linac}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2256 -- 2266},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {IRS00 EGS4j OMEGAj},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {\pdf/Sh00.pdf,
       BEAM binder}
}

@article{Sh00a,
   author    = {R. Shih},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of dynamic wedged fields}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, Rush University, Chicago Ill},
   year      = {2000},
   keywords  = {OMEGAr EGS4r},
   notes     = {abstract M. P. 27 (2000) 2827},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh00b,
   author    = {K. R. Shortt and C. Oyarzun and M. Saravi and V. Tovar},
   title     = {{Radiation Dosimetry Comparison between Canada, Chile,
       Argentina and Mexico}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {FR-B313-03},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {This wasn't published anywhere - others not listed},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh00c,
   author    = {K. R. Shortt and C. K. Ross and J. P. Seuntjens
       and F.  Delaunay and A. Ostrowsky  and P. Gross and E. Leroy},
   title     = {{Comparison of dosimetric standards of Canada and France
       for Photons at $^{60}$Co and higher energies}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2119 -- 2142},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {IRS01},
   location  = {\pdf/Sh00c.pdf}
}

@article{Sh01,
   author    = {K. R. Shortt and C. K. Ross and J. P. Seuntjens and R. B.
       Huntley and L. H. Kotler and J. F. Boas},
   title     = {{ A comparison of the Australian and Canadian standards
       of air kerma and absorbed dose to water for $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$
       radiation}},
   journal   = {in preparation},
   year      = {2001}
}

@article{Sh01a,
   author    = {R. Shih and X. A. Li and J. C. H. Chu},
   title     = {{ Dynamic wedge versus physical wedge: A Monte Carlo study}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {612--619},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh01b,
   author    = {K. Shortt},
   title     = {{ Accuracy in clinical reference dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Proc. of 2001 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {42 -- 44},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSe01},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh01c,
   author    = {R. Shih and X. A. Li and {W.-L.} Hsu},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric characteristics of dynamic wedged fields: a Monte
       Carlo study}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {N281 -- N292},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{Sh02,
   author    = {K. R. Shortt and A. F. Bielajew and C. K. Ross and K. J.
       Stewart and J. T. Burke and M. J. Corsten},
   title     = {{ The effect of wall thickness on the response of a
       spherical ionization chamber}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1721 -- 1731},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {IRS02},
   location  = {\pdf/Sh02.pdf}
}

@article{Sh03,
   author    = {K. R. Shortt and R. B.  Huntley and L. H. Kotler and J. F. Boas},
   title     = {{ A comparison of the Australian and Canadian standards
       of air kerma and absorbed dose to water for $^{60}Co$ $\gamma$
       radiation}},
   journal   = {in preparation},
   year      = {2003},
   notes     = {draft received Mar 28, 2003 note change in authors}
}

@article{Sh03a,
   author    = {A. S. Shiu and E. L. Chang and J. S. Ye and M. Lii and L. D. Rhines and E. Mendel and J. Weinberg and S. Singh and M. H. Maor and R. Mohan and J. D. Cox},
   title     = {{ Near simultaneous computed tomography image-guided stereotactic spinal radiotherapy: an emerging paradigm for achieving true stereotaxy}},
   journal   = {Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys},
   pages = {605 -- 613},
   volume    = 57,
   year      = {2003}
}

@article{Sh05,
author = {Amish P. Shah and Derek W. Jokisch and Didier A. Rajon and Christopher J. Watchman and Phillip W. Patton and Wesley E. Bolch},
title = {{Chord-based versus voxel-based methods of electron transport in the skeletal tissues}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {10},
pages = {3151-3159},
keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/3151/1}
}

@article{Sh05a,
author = {Amish P. Shah and Didier A. Rajon and Phillip W. Patton and Derek W. Jokisch and Wesley E. Bolch},
title = {{Accounting for beta-particle energy loss to cortical bone via paired-image radiation transport (PIRT)}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {5},
pages = {1354-1366},
keywords = { EGSnrcj egsI },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1354/1}
}

@article{Sh06a,
  title={{Monte Carlo simulations: Efficiency improvement techniques and
          statistical considerations}},
  author={D. Sheikh-Bagheri and I. Kawrakow and B. Walters and D. W. O. Rogers},
  journal={Integrating New Technologies into the Clinic: Monte Carlo and
           Image-Guided Radiation Therapy, Proceedings of the 2006 AAPM
           Summer School (Medical Physics, Madison, WI, 2006)},
  pages={71--91}
}

@article{Sh07,
  title={{Image Guidance: Treatment Target Localization Systems}},
  author={Sharpe, MB and Craig, T. and Moseley, DJ},
  journal = {Frontiers in Radiation Therapy Oncology},
  volume = {40},
  pages = {72--93},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Karger Publishers}
}


@article{Sh74,
   author    = {N. K.  Sherman and K. M.  Lokan and R. M.  Hutcheon and L. W.  Funk and W. R.  Brown and P.  Brown},
   title     = {{ Bremsstrahlung radiators and Beam Filters for 25 MeV cancer therapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {185},
   year      = {1974},
   volume    = 1,
   keywords  = {IRS74},
   notes     = {Measured spectra from bremsstrahlung targets using neutron time-of-flight spectrometer. Paper won AAPM's Farrington-Danials award.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh78,
   author    = {A.  Shiragai},
   title     = {{ A Proposal Concerning the Absorbed Dose Conversion Factor}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {245 -- 252},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Pwall TG--51 Kcomp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh79,
   author    = {A.  Shiragai},
   title     = {{ Effective Mass Stopping Power Ratio in Photon Dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {452 -- 454},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {TG--51 Pwall TG--51 Kcomp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh82,
  title={{Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for Emission Tomography}},
  author={L. A. Shepp and Y. Vardi},
  journal={Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on},
  volume={1},
  number={2},
  pages={113--122},
  year={1982}
}

@article{Sh84,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ Tissue-Equivalent Dosimeters for Pion Therapy Beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {279},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {IRS84},
   notes     = {Letter pointing out the need for chemical as well as atomic composition matching for pion dosimeters to be tissue equivalent.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh85,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric measurements behind inhomogeneities exposed to electron beams and comparisons to EGS Monte Carlo calculations}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {508},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 12,
   keywords  = {IRSa85}
}

@article{Sh86,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross and A. F.  Bielajew and
       D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Electron Beam Dose Distributions Near Standard Inhomogeneities}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {235 -- 249},
   year      = {1986},
   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {EGS4j Monte Carlo IRS86},
   notes     = {Experimental and theoretical investigation of some geometries
       defined by clinical physicists as benchmark cases. Remarkable
       agreement was found.},
   location  = {\pdf/Sh86.pdf }
}

@article{Sh88,
   author    = {A. S.  Shiu},
   title     = {{ Three-dimensional electron beam dose calculations}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, University of Texas, Houston},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh88a,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt and N. V.  Klassen and C. K.  Ross and G. D.  Smith},
   title     = {{ Ferrous Sulfate Dosimetry and its Role in Establishing an Absorbed Dose to Water Standard for the National Research Council of Canada}},
   journal   = {NRC Workshop on Water Calorimetry, NRC Report 29637},
   pages     = {121 -- 126},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {water calorimeter report IRSp88},
   notes     = {Describes the use of Fricke dosimetry as a transfer standard to determine the absorbed dose to water at a reference point.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh88b,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt and A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers and C. K.  Ross},
   title     = {{ Calculation of the Ratio of N$_{x}$ for Cesium and Cobalt}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0142 (Ottawa, Ont)},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {IRSr88},
   notes     = {Makes the point that the calibration factor for $^{137}$Cs beams can be determined from calibrations in a $^{60}$Co beam.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh88c,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ The Temperature Dependence of G for the Fricke Dosemeter}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0170},
   year      = {1988},
   keywords  = {IRSr88},
   notes     = {Describes a much more  accurate determination of the temperature dependence.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh89,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ The temperature dependence of G(Fe$^{3+}$) for Fricke dosemeter}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1923 -- 1926},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {IRS89},
   notes     = {Reports a determination of the temperature dependence.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh91,
   author    = {A.  Shiragai},
   title     = {{ A formulation for high-energy photon and electron beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {633 -- 642},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {formalism},
   notes     = {A complex formalism based on exposure/air kerma calibrations.},
   location  = {TG--51 fundamentals binder}
}

@article{Sh92,
   author    = {A. S. Shiu and S. Tung and K. R. Hogstrom and J. W. Wong
and R. L. Gerber and W. B. Harms and J. A. Purdy and R. K. Ten Haken et al ., },
   title     = {{ Verification data for electron beam dose algorithms }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {623 -- 636},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Sh92.pdf}
}

@article{Sh93,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross and M.  Schneider and K.
       Hohlfeld and M.  Roos and A.-M.  Perroche},
   title     = {{ A Comparison of Absorbed Dose Standards for High Energy X-rays}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1937 -- 1955},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = 38,
   keywords  = {comparison PTB BIPM NRC IRS93},
   notes     = {Reports results of comparison at 20 MV and $^{60}$Co of absorbed dose and air-kerma standards at NRC, PTB and BIPM.},
   location  = {TG--51 standards binder
       \pdf/Sh93.pdf}
}

@article{Sh93a,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ Report of a comparison of dosimetric measurement standards of the NRC and the NIST}},
   journal   = {BIPM document CCEMRI(1)/93--29},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93},
   location  = {BIPM 1993 compilation of papers TG--51 standards}
}

@article{Sh95,
   author    = {M. Sharpe and D. A. Jaffray and J. J. Battista and P. Munro},
   title     = {{ Extrafocal radiation: a unified approach to the
prediction of beam penumbra and output factors for megavoltage x-ray beams }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2065 -- 2074},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = {22},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Sh95.pdf}
}

@article{Sh96,
   author    = {K. R.  Shortt and C. K.  Ross and I.  Janowsky},
   title     = {{ The response of LiF TLDs to $^{137}$Cs and $^{60}$Co $\gamma$-rays}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--0518 (Ottawa)},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {IRSr96},
   notes     = {Report prepared under contract to AECB. Showed a difference in response and an effect from the badge holder.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sh96a,
   author    = {K. R. Shortt and A. F. Bielajew and C. K. Ross and M. J. Corsten and J. T. Burke and P. R. S. Howard and D. C. Marchington},
   title     = {{ Determination of $A_{\rm wall}$ corrections using a non-linear extrapolation to zero-wall thickness}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1139},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Sh96b,
   author    = {Shortt, K. R. and Ross, C. K. and Janovsky, I.},
   title     = {{Sensitivity of {LiF} {TLD-100} Irradiated by $^{60}${Co}
       and $^{137}${Cs} Gamma Rays}},
   journal   = {Health Physics(abstract)},
   pages     = {526},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = {70},
   keywords  = {IRSa96}
}

@article{Sh96c,
   author    = {Shortt, K. R. and Ross, C. K. and Janovsky, I.},
   title     = {{The Response of {LiF} {TLDs} to $^{137}${Cs} and
       $^{60}${Co} $\gamma$-Rays}},
   journal   = {Rad. Prot. Dosim.},
   pages     = {257 -- 266},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 69,
   keywords  = {IRS97}
}

@article{Sh97,
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@article{Sh99,
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@article{Sh99d,
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@article{Sh99e,
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@article{Shb96,
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@article{Si00b,
   author    = {J. V. Siebers and P. J. Keall and A. E. Nahum and R. Mohan},
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to absorbed dose to water for Monte Carlo based photon beam dose
calculations' '}},
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@article{Si02,
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@article{Si02a,
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@article{Si02b,
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@article{Si03,
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@article{Si04a,
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  author={R Svensson and P Kallman and A Brahme},
  title={{An analytical solution for the dynamic control of multileaf collimators}},
  journal={Physics in Medicine and Biology},
  volume={39},
  number={1},
  pages={37},
  url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/39/i=1/a=003},
  year={1994},
}

@article{Sv95,
   author    = {M. M. Svatos and C. T. Ballinger and H. Neuenschwander and
       T. R. Mackie and W. P. Chandler and C. L. {Hartmann-Siantar}  and J. A. Rathkopf and P. J. Reckwerdt},
   title     = {{ Electron transport in radiotherapy using local-to-global Monte Carlo}},
   journal   = {In ``Proceedings of the International Conference on Mathematics and Computations, Reactor Physics, and Environmental Analyses" (American Nuclear Society Press, La Grange Park, Illinois, U.S.A.)},
   pages     = {154 -- 161},
   year      = {1995},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sw79,
   author    = {W. P.  Swanson},
   title     = {{ Improved calculation of photoneutron yields released by
       incident electrons}},
   journal   = {Health Physics},
   pages     = {347 -- 358},
   year      = {1979},
   volume    = 37,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {Earliest paper using EGS for a health or medical physics
       application.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Sw83,
   author    = {W.  Swindell},
   title     = {{ A 4--MV CT scanner for radiation therapy; spectral properties of the therapy beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {347 -- 351},
   year      = {1983},
   volume    = 10,
   keywords  = {Technical Note: Clinac 4 turned CT scanner, transmission, spectral reconstruction, Laplace Inversion},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Daryoush, binder S1-8}
}

@article{Sy04,
    author = {A.M. Syme and C. Kirkbey and B.G. Fallone and S.A. McQuarrie},
    title = {{Monte Carlo investigation of single cell beta dosimetry
        for intraperitoneal radionuclide therapy}},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = 49,
    year = 2004,
    pages = {1959 -- 1972},
    keywords = { OMEGAj EGSnrcj xvmcv xvmcI }
}

@article{TB92,
   author    = {M.  Tatcher and B.  Bj\"{a}rngard},
   title     = {{ Head-scatter factors and effective x-ray source positions in a 25-MV linear accelerator}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {685 -- 686},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {TG 54},
   notes     = {For 6 and 25 MV beams determines source position by fit to 1/r**2 for large number of field sizes. Result, 9$\pm$5mm from ``source position''.},
   location  = {DR head scatter binder}
}

@article{TB94,
   author    = {H.  T\"olli and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Determination of point-source non-uniformity correction factors for cylindrical ion chambers in the vicinity of brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol. (abstract)},
   pages     = {167},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39a},
   keywords  = {IRSa94},
   location  = { }
}

@article{TB95,
   author    = {H.  T\"olli and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ Determination of non-uniformity correction factors for cylindrical ionization chambers close to $^{192}$Ir brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Radioth. and Oncol. Suppl 1 (abstract)},
   pages     = {S10},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 27,
   keywords  = {IRSa95}
}

@article{TF87,
   author    = {R. K.  Ten~Haken and B. A.  Fraass},
   title     = {{ Relative electron beam measurements: Scaling depths in clear polystyrene to equivalent depths in water}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {410 -- 413},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   keywords  = {depth scaling effective density TG--51 plastic phantoms},
   notes     = {Measured values based on R$_{50}$ from ionization and dose curves and get values between 0.990 and 1.002 for 6 to 20 MeV.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{TG105,
   author = {{Indrin Chetty {\em et al}}},
   title = {{ Guidence report on clinical implementation of the Monte Carlo
       method in external beam radiation therapy treatment planning: Report of
       the AAPM Task Group No. 105}},
   journal = \mp,
   pages   = {submitted},
   year    = {2005},
}

@article{TG51,
   author    = {P. R. Almond and P. J. Biggs and B. M. Coursey and W. F.
       Hanson and M. S.  Huq and R. Nath and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ AAPM's TG--51 Protocol for Clinical Reference Dosimetry of
       High-Energy Photon and Electron Beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1847 -- 1870},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {protocol TG--51 IRS99},
   location  = {\pdf/TG51.pdf},
   notes     = { }
}

@article{TG51-2014,
   author    = {M. McEwen and L. DeWerd and G. Ibbott and D. Followill and
       D. W. O. Rogers and S. Seltzer and J. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Addendum to AAPM's TG-51 protocol for clinical reference
       dosimetry of high-energy photon beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {041501-1 -- 041501-20},
   year      = {2014},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {TG--51 addendum},
}

@article{TG51a,
   author    = {**************cite TG51   not TG51a},
   title     = {{AAPM's TG--51 Protocol for Clinical Reference
       Dosimetry of High-Energy Photon and Electron Beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   location  = { }
}

@article{TG53,
   author    = {B. Fraass and K. Doppke and M. Hunt and G. Kutcher and G.
       Starkschall and R. Stern and {J. van~Dyke}},
   title     = {{ American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation
       Therapy Committee Task Group 53: Quality assurance for
       clinical radiotherapy treatment planning}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1773 -- 1829},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {TG--53 TG-53},
   location  = {\pdf/TG53.pdf},
   notes     = { }
}

@article{TG61,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and C. W. Coffey and L. A. DeWerd and R. Nath and
       C. Liu and S. M. Seltzer and J. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ AAPM protocol for 40 -- 300 kV x-ray beam dosimetry
       in radiotherapy and radiobiology}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {868 -- 893},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = {28},
   keywords  = {IRS01 TG61},
   location  = {\pdf/TG61.pdf}
}

@article{TG64,
   author    = {Y. Yu and Lowell L. Anderson and Zuofeng Li and David E.
              Mellenberg and Ravinder Nath and M. C. Schell and Frank M. Waterman
              and Andrew Wu and John C.  Blasko},
   title     = {{ Permanent prostate seed implant brachytherapy: Report of
                the AAPM Task Group No. 64 }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2054 -- 2076},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {TG--64},
   location  = {\pdf/TG64.pdf}
}

@article{TH02,
   author    = {R. C.  Tailor and W. F.  Hanson},
   title     = {{Calculated absorbed-dose ratios, TG51/TG21, for most
       widely used cylindrical and parallel-plate ion chambers
       over a range of photon and electron energies}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1464 -- 1472},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = {29},
   keywords  = {TG--51 RPC},
   location  = {\pdf/TH02.pdf
       Dave's binder about TG--51}
}

@article{TH89,
   author    = {C.  Thomason and P.  Higgins},
   title     = {{ Radial dose distribution of $^{192}$Ir and $^{137}$Cs seed sources}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {254 -- 257},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 16,
   notes     = {TLD measurements for two seed capsules. See errata MP16(1989)826 and comments by Meli et al MP 16(1989)824.},
   location  = {DR binder on 192Ir}
}

@article{TJ93,
   author    = {H.  T\"olli and K. A. Johansson},
   title     = {{ Quality assurance in brachytherapy: principles for ionization chamber measurement of absorbed dose close to brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1475 -- 1483},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {38},
   keywords  = {point-source anisotropy},
   location  = { }
}

@article{TJ93a,
   author    = {H.  T\"olli and K. A. Johansson},
   title     = {{ Quality assurance in brachytherapy: the displacement effect in the vicinity of $^{60}$Co and $^{192}$Ir brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1485 -- 1493},
   year      = {1993},
   volume    = {38},
   keywords  = {point-source anisotropy},
   location  = { }
}

@article{TK08,
    title = {{ Calculation of the electron-electron bremsstrahlung cross-section in the field of atomic electrons }},
    journal = \nimb,
    volume = {266},
    pages = {625 -- 634},
    year = {2008},
    author = "Frederic Tessier and Iwan Kawrakow",
}

@article{TM91,
   author    = {N. Takata and Matiullah},
   title     = {{ Dependence of the value of m on the lifetime of ions in
       parallel-plate ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {449 -- 459},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = {36},
   keywords  = {saturation theory recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{TM92,
   author    = {N. Takata and Matiullah},
   title     = {{ An investigation of the influence of applied voltage on
       ionization due to electrons in free-air ionization-chambers}},
   journal   = \nima,
   pages     = {226 -- 231},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = {324},
   keywords  = {saturation theory recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{TM95,
   author    = {H.  T\"{o}lli and A.  Bielajew and O.  Mattsson and G.  Sernbo},
   title     = {{ Determination of non-uniformity correction factors for small ionization chambers close to Ir-192 sources}},
   journal   = {Department of Radiation Physics, University of G\"{o}teborg, Sweden, Internal Report, GU-RADFYS 95:01},
   year      = {1995},
   location  = { }
}

@article{TM98,
   author    = {L. M. N. T\'{a}vora and E. J. Morton},
   title     = {{ Photon production using a low energy electron expansion
                of the EGS4 code system}},
   journal   = \nimb,
   pages     = {253 -- 271},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {143},
   keywords  = {EGS4j}
}

@article{TP98,
author = {W. A. Tome and J. R. Palta},
title = {{On the calculation of mean restricted collision stopping powers}},
year = {1998},
journal = \mp,
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {758 -- 772},
keywords = {dosimetry; energy loss of particles spr},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/25/758/1},
location = {\pdf, Elena Tonkopi file}
}

@article{TR98,
   author    = {J. A.  Treurniet and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAM and DOSXYZ GUI User's Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 0623},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSr98 OMEGAr EGS4r DOSXYZ BEAM GUI},
   notes     = {User's manual for a graphical user interface (GUI) to create
       and modify BEAM and DOSXYZ input files.},
   location  = {Handouts for BEAM course}
}

@article{TR99,
   author    = {J. A.  Treurniet and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAM, DOSXYZ and BEAMDP GUI User's Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 0623(rev A)},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRSr99 OMEGAr EGS4r DOSXYZ BEAM BEAMDP GUI},
   notes     = {User's manual for a graphical user interface (GUI) for
       creating, building, compiling, running and creating/editing input
       files for BEAM; compiling, running and creating/editing input
       files for DOSXYZ; and running BEAMDP.},
   location  = {Handouts for BEAM99 course}
}

@article{TR99a,
   author    = {J. A.  Treurniet and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{EGS\_Windows4.0 User's Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--0669},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {OMEGAr EGS4r},
   notes     = {User's manual for the X-windows version of
       EGS\_Windows},
   location  = {Handouts for BEAM99 course}
}

@article{Ta02,
  title={{Updating of form factor tabulations for coherent scattering of photons in tissues}},
  author={Tartari, A. and Taibi, A. and Bonifazzi, C. and Baraldi, C.},
  journal= \pmb,
  volume={47},
  number={1},
  pages={163 -- 175},
  year={2002},
  keywords  = {EGS4 coherent scattering molecular form factors},
  location  = {Ernst's tex/pdf/m20112.pdf}
}

@article{Ta03,
   author    = {R. C.  Tailor and W. F.  Hanson and G. S. Ibbott},
   title     = {{ TG--51: Experience from 150 institutions, common errors and
       helpful hints}},
   journal   = \jacmp,
   pages     = {102 -- 111},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {4},
   keywords  = {TG--51 RPC},
   location  = {\pdf/Ta03.pdf
       Dave's binder about TG--51}
}

@article{Ta03a,
   author    = {N. Takata and T. Kurosawa and Y. Koyama},
   title     = {{ Ionization chamber wall correction factors and angular
       dependences of responses in measuring air kerma for gamma rays}},
   journal   = {BIPM Report CCRI(I)/03 -- 18},
   pages     = {4 pages},
   year      = {2003},
   keywords  = {Kwall},
   location  = {CCRI meeting proceedings}
}

@article{Ta03b,
   author    = {N. Takata and T. Kurosawa and N. T. Tran},
   title     = {{ Angular dependence of signal currents from cylindrical
       ionization chambers}},
   journal   = {Radiat. Prot. Dosim.},
   year      = {in press, 2003},
   keywords  = {Kwall}
}

@article{Ta91,
   author    = {T.  Tabata and P.  Andreo and R.  Ito},
   title     = {{ Analytic fits to Monte Carlo calculated depth-dose curves of 1-- to 50--MeV electrons in water}},
   journal   = {Nucl. Instr Meth.},
   pages     = {205 -- 210},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = {B58},
   keywords  = {EGS4j ITS MCEF},
   location  = {DR Andreo binder}
}

@article{Ta91a,
   author    = {R. C.  Tailor and C.  Chu and W. F.  Hanson},
   title     = {{ Air temperature in the thimble of a Farmer type ion chamber}},
   journal   = {Med Phys (abs)},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   location  = {TG--51 t-p binder}
}

@article{Ta94,
   author    = {T.  Tabata and P.  Andreo and K.  Shinoda and R.  Ito},
   title     = {{ Energy deposition through radiative processes in absorbers irradiated by electron beams}},
   journal   = {Nuc. Instr. Meth. B},
   pages     = {447 -- 456},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = 93,
   notes     = {Presents analytic formula for bremsstrahlung depth-dose in electron beams from internal bremsstrahlung.},
   location  = {DR's Andreo binder}
}

@article{Ta94a,
   author    = {N. Takata},
   title     = {{ The effects of humidity on volume recombination in
       ionization chambers}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1047 -- 1052},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39},
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Ta94b,
   author    = {N. Takata},
   title     = {{ Ion loss due to initial recombination in a
       parallel-plate cavity ionization chamber}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1037 -- 1046},
   year      = {1994},
   volume    = {39},
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{Ta96,
   author    = {M.  Tagesson and M.  Ljungberg and S.  Strand},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo program converting activity distributions to absorbed dose
       distributions in a radionuclide treatment planning system}},
   journal   = {Acta Radiologica Oncology},
   pages     = {367 -- 372},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 35,
   location  = {A2-28}
}

@article{Ta97,
   author    = {N. G. Tarr and G. F. MacKay and I. Thomson and K.  Shortt},
   title     = {{ A floating gate MOSFET dosimeter requiring no external
       bias supply}},
   journal   = {4th Euorpean Conference on Radiations and their Effects on
       Devices and Systems},
   pages     = {Abs G.2},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {IRSa97}
}

@article{Ta98,
   author    = {R. C.  Tailor and C.  Chu and D. S. Followill and W. F.  Hanson},
   title     = {{ Equilibration of air temperature inside the thimble of a
       farmer-type ion chamber}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {496 -- 502},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   notes     = {TG--51}
}

@article{Ta98a,
   author    = {N. G. Tarr and G. F. MacKay and K.  Shortt and I. Thomson},
   title     = {{ A floating gate MOSFET dosimeter requiring no external
       bias supply}},
   journal   = {IEEE Tran. Nuc. Sci},
   pages     = {1470 -- 1474},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {45},
   keywords  = {IRS98}
}

@article{Ta98b,
   author    = {R. C.  Tailor and V. M.  Tello and C. B.  Schroy and
       M.  Vossler and W. F.  Hanson},
   title     = {{A generic off--axis energy correction for linac
       photon beam dosimetry}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {662 -- 667},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = { },
   location  = {G4-5}
}

@article{TabCuv,
   author    = {{Jandel Scientific}},
   title     = {{ TableCurve Automated Curve Fitting Software}},
   journal   = {User's Manual},
   year      = {1994},
   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
   location  = {Len}
}

@article{Te09,
   author    = {T. Teke and A. M. Bergman and W. Kwa and B. Gill and C. Duzenli and I. A. Popescu},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo based, patient-specific RapidArc QA using Linac log files}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {116 -- 123},
   year      = {2009},
   volume    = {37},
   number    = {1}
}

@article{Te95,
   author    = {V. M.  Tello and R. C.  Tailor and W. F.  Hanson},
   title     = {{ How water equivalent are water-equivalent solid materials for output calibration of photon and electron beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1177 -- 1189},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   notes     = {Using many different materials and techniques, it is shown that using plastic phantoms it is very hard to get the same dose as measured in water.},
   location  = {TG--51 plastic phantoms}
}

@article{Th05,
   author    = {S. D. Thomas and M. Mackenzie and D. W. O.  Rogers and B.
                G. Fallone},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo derived TG--51 equivalent calibration for
		helical tomotherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1346 -- 1153},
   year      = {2005},
     volume  = 32,
   keywords  = {nonNRC05 OMEGAj EGSnrcj },
   location  = {\pdf}
}

@article{Th85,
   author    = {D. I.  Thwaites},
   title     = {{ Measurements of ionisation in water, polystyrene and a `solidwater' phantom material for electron beams}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {41 -- 53},
   year      = {1985},
   volume    = 30,
   keywords  = {hm TG--51 plastic phantoms},
   location  = {GXD}
}

@article{Th94,
   author    = {D. I.  Thwaites},
   title     = {{ Uncertainties at the end point of the basic dosimetry chain}},
   journal   = {IAEA--SM--330/18, in Proceedings of Symposium on Measurement Assurance in Dosimetry, ( IAEA, Vienna)},
   pages     = {239 -- 255},
   year      = {1994},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ti03,
   author    = {R. Timmerman and L. Papiez and R. McGarry and L. Likes and
C. DesRosiers and S. Frost and M. Williams },
   title     = {{ Extracranial stereostactic radioablations: results of
phase I study in medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer }},
   journal   = \ch,
   pages     = {1946 -- 1955},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 124,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ti96,
   author    = {A. Tilikidis and B. Lind and P. N\"{a}fstadius and A.  Brahme},
   title     = {{ An estimation of the relative bilogical effectiveness
       of 50 MV bremsstrahlung beams by microdosimetric techniques}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {55 -- 69},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 41,
   keywords  = {photonuclear photonneutron photoproton},
   location  = {DR binder Sweden}
}

@article{To05,
    author = {E.~Tonkopi and M.~McEwen and B.R.B.~Walters and I.~Kawrakow},
    title = {{Influence of ion chamber response on
            in-air profile measurements in megavoltage photon beams}},
    journal = \mp,
    year = {2005},
    pages = { 2918--2927},
    volume = {32},
    keywords = {IRS05 EGSnrcj OMEGAj}
}

@article{To89,
   author    = {C.  Thomason},
   title     = {{ Dosimetry of Iridium-192 and Cesium-137 seed sources}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison},
   year      = {1989},
   notes     = {Extensive EGS4 calculations and experimental measurements. See To91, To91a and  TH89.},
   location  = {DR binder on 192Ir}
}

@article{To91,
   author    = {C.  Thomason and T. R.  Mackie and M. J.  Lindstrom},
   title     = {{ Effect of source encapsulation on the energy spectra of $^{192}$Ir and $^{137}$Cs seed sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {495 -- 505},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {EGS4 simulation of spectra and scatter fraction in phantom.  Obvious error since 10 keV photons exist but are not included in EGS4.},
   location  = {DR 192Ir binder}
}

@article{To91a,
   author    = {C.  Thomason and T. R.  Mackie and M. J.  Lindstrom and
       P. D.  Higgins},
   title     = {{ The dose distribution surrounding $^{192}$Ir and $^{137}$Cs seed sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {475 -- 493},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {EGS4j},
   notes     = {EGS4 calculations of 192Ir and 137Cs source distributions for low dose rate seeds.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{To94,
   author    = {K.  Toh},
   title     = {{ MTV Plot Data Format Version 1.4.0}},
   journal   = {Technology CAD, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California (unpublished report)},
   year      = {1994},
   notes     = {plotmtv documentation},
   location  = { }
}

@article{To97,
   author    = {H. T\"{o}lli and A. F. Bielajew and O. Mattsson and G. Sernbo
       and K. A. Johansson},
   title     = {{ Fluence non-uniformity effects in air kerma determination
       around brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1301 -- 1318},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = {42},
   keywords  = {IRS97},
   location  = {\pdf/To97.pdf}
}

@article{Tr01,
   author    = {J. A.  Treurniet and B. R. B. Walters and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAMnrc, DOSXYZnrc and BEAMDP GUI User's Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 0623(rev B)},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {IRSr01 OMEGAr EGS4r EGSnrcr DOSXYZnrc BEAMnrc BEAMDP GUI},
   notes     = {User's manual for a graphical user interface (GUI) for
       creating, building, compiling, running and creating/editing input
       files for BEAMnrc; compiling, running and creating/editing input
       files for DOSXYZnrc; and running BEAMDP.},
   location  = {Handouts for BEAM01 course}
}

@article{Tr01a,
   author    = {E. Traneus and A. Ahnesj\"o and M. Asell},
   title     = {{Application and verification of a
       coupled multi-source electron beam model for Monte Carlo based
       treatment planning }},
   journal   = {in Proceedings of the 6th biennial ESTRO meeting
       on Physics for clinical Radiotherapy. Sevilla,
       Spain},
   year      = {Sept, 2001},
   notes     = {Nordions electron beam source model}
}

@article{Tr04,
   author    = {J. A.  Treurniet and B. R. B. Walters and D. W. O.  Rogers},
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@article{Ve02,
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@article{Ve03,
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@article{Ve03a,
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@article{Ve05,
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@article{Ve94,
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@article{Ve98,
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@article{Ve98a,
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@article{Ve98b,
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@article{Ve99,
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@article{Ve99a,
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@article{Vi07,
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@article{Vl99,
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@article{WB92,
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@article{WF80,
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@article{WF83,
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@article{WG86,
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@article{WI87,
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@article{WJ88,
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   volume    = 33 ,
   keywords  = {EGS4a}
}

@article{WJ90,
   author    = {S.  Walker and D.  Jette},
   title     = {{ Full installation of EGS4 Monte Carlo code on an 80386 microcomputer completed}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {511},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17 ,
   keywords  = {EGS4a}
}

@article{WK00,
   author    = {E. Wieslander and T. Kn\"{o}\"{o}s},
   title     = {{ A virtual linear accelerator for verification of treatment
       planning systems}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {2887 -- 2896},
   year      = {2000},
   volume    = {45},
   number    = {10},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   notes     = {Cites but does not use the BEAM code in this preliminary study.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{WK03,
   author    = {E. Wieslander and T. Kn\"{o}\"{o}s},
   title     = {{ Dose perturbation in the presence of metallic implants:
       treatment planning system versus Monte Carlo simulation}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {3295 -- 3305},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {48},
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j EGSnrcj egsI egs_II pirs701},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@article{WK06,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Technical note: Overprediction of dose with default PRESTA-I boundary crossing in DOSXYZnrc and BEAMnrc}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year  = {2007},
   pages     = {647 -- 650},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {EGSnrc BEAMnrc PRESTA},
   location  = {}
}

@article{WK07,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ A ``HOWFARLESS'' option to increase efficiency of homogeneous phantom calculations with DOSXYZnrc}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year  = {2007},
   pages     = {3794 -- 3807},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {EGSnrc DOSXYZnrc boundary crossing},
   location  = {}
}

@article{WL01,
   author    = {R. Wang and X. A.  Li},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo dose calculations of beta-emitting sources for
       intravascular brachytherapy: A comparison between EGS4,
       EGSnrc, and MCNP}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {134 -- 141},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {EGS4j EGSnrcj OMEGAj},
   location  = {\pdf/WL01.pdf}
}

@article{WL01a,
   author    = {R. Wang and X. A.  Li},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo characterization of a $^{32}$P source for
       intravascular brachytherapy}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1776 -- 1785},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 28,
   keywords  = {EGS4j EGSnrcj OMEGAj},
   location  = {EGSnrc binder \pdf/WL01a.pdf}
}

@article{WL02,
   author    = {R. Wang and X. A.  Li},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric comparison of two 90Sr/90Y sources for
       intravascular brachytherapy: an EGSnrc Monte Carlo calculation}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {4259 -- 4269},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 47,
   keywords  = {EGS4j EGSnrcj OMEGAj},
   location  = {Dave's EGSnrc binder}
}

@article{WL02a,
    author = {Ruqing Wang and X. Allen Li},
    title = {{Dose characterization in the near-source region for two high dose rate brachytherapy sources}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2002},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {29},
    number = {8},
    pages = {1678-1686},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/29/1678/1}
}

@article{WL95,
   author    = {J. F.  Williamson and Z. Li},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo aided dosimetry of the microselectron pulsed and high dose-rate $^{192}$Ir
       sources}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {809 -- 819},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   location  = { }
}

@article{WM84,
   author    = {M. S.  Weinhous and J. A.  Meli},
   title     = {{ Determining P$_{\rm ion}$, the correction factor for
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {846 -- 849},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {saturation theory},
   notes     = {Presents explicit formulae and procedures to determine
       P$_{\rm ion}$ for volume recombination in continuous, pulsed
       and swept beams.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{WM86,
   author    = {M. S.  Weinhous and J. A.  Meli},
   title     = {{ Collection efficiency of an ionisation chamber in a pulsed swept beam: collimator scatter effects}},
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   pages     = {1147 -- 1155},
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   volume    = 31,
   keywords  = {recombination},
   notes     = {Points out potential for 0.5\% error in a 5\% correction because beam profile not as expected for a swept beam.  Smaller error for smaller correction.},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@article{WM90,
   author    = {F. W.  Wittk\"{a}mper and B. J.  Mijnheer},
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   keywords  = {k_m k_att Ngas},
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}

@article{WN91,
   author    = {J. F.  Williamson and R.  Nath},
   title     = {{ Clinical implementation of AAPM Task Group 32 recommendations on bracytherapy source strength specification}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {439 -- 448},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 18,
   location  = {dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{WP90,
   author    = {J. W.  Wong and J. A.  Purdy},
   title     = {{On methods of inhomogeneity corrections for photon transport}},
   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {review of dose calculation algorithms},
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{WR02,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 794},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSr02 EGS4r EGSnrcr OMEGAr BEAM},
   location  = { }
}

@article{WR04,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 794 (rev A)},
   year      = {2004},
   keywords  = {nonNRCr04 IRSr04 EGS4r EGSnrcr OMEGAr BEAM},
   notes     = {This updated to include DBS changes},
   location  = { }
}

@article{WR04a,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 794 (rev B)},
   year      = {2004},
   keywords  = {CUr04 IRSr04 EGS4r EGSnrcr EGSnrcMPr OMEGAr BEAM},
   notes     = {Updated for EGSnrcMP version},
   location  = { }
}

@article{WR95,
   author    = {Blake  Walters and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAM Example: Depth-Dose in a Phantom}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--509j},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 EGS4r OMEGAr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{WR95a,
   author    = {Blake  Walters and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ QA for the BEAM System; Component Modules, Variance Reduction Options and Source Routines}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS--509k},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95 EGS4r OMEGAr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{WS98,
   author    = {R.  Wang and R. S.  Sloboda},
   title     = {{ Influence of source geometry and materials on the transverse
       axis dosimetry of $^{192}$Ir brachytherapy sources}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {37 -- 48},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 43,
   keywords  = {Radial dose functions for $^{192}$Ir sources},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wa01,
   author    = {L. Wang and E. Yorke and C. S. Chui},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo evaluation of tissue inhomogeneity effects in
the treatment of the head and neck}},
   journal   = \ijrobp,
   pages     = {1339 -- 1349},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Wa01.pdf}
}

@article{Wa02a,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ History by history statistical estimators
       in the BEAM code system}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2745 -- 2752},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {IRS02 EGSnrcj EGS4j BEAM, DOSXYZ, BEAMnrc,
       DOSXYZnrc, statistics OMEGAj egsI pirs701 pirs702 },
   location  = {\pdf/Wa02a.pdf}
}

@article{Wa02b,
   author    = {B Walters and I Kawrakow and D W O Rogers},
   title     = {History by history statistical estimators in the BEAM code system},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1352},
   year      = {2002},
   keywords  = {IRSa02}
}

@article{Wa02c,
    author = {Ruqing Wang and X. Allen Li and John Lobdell},
    title = {{Monte Carlo dose characterization of a new [sup 90]Sr/[sup 90]Y source with balloon for intravascular brachytherapy}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
   journal   = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    number = {1},
    pages = {27-33},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/27/1}
}

@article{Wa02d,
   author    = {L. Wang and E. Yorke and C. S. Chui},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo evaluation of 6 MV intensity modulated
radiotherapy plans for head and neck and lung treatments }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {2705 -- 2717},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Wa02c.pdf}
}

@article{Wa02e,
   author    = {L. Wang and E. Yorke and G. Desobry and C. S. Chui },
   title     = {{ Dosimetric advantage of 6 MV over 15 MV photons in
conformal therapy of lung cancer: Monte Carlo studies in patient geometries }},
   journal   = \jacmp,
   pages     = {51 -- 59},
   year      = {2002},
   volume    = 3,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Wa02d.pdf}
}

@article{Wa03,
    author = {B. Warkentin and S. Steciw and S. Rathee and B. G. Fallone},
    title = {{Dosimetric IMRT verification with a flat-panel EPID}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
    journal = {Medical Physics},
    volume = {30},
    number = {12},
    pages = {3143-3155},
    keywords = { EGSnrcj },
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/3143/1}
}

@article{Wa05,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ DOSXYZnrc Users Manual}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 794 (rev B)},
   year      = {2005},
   keywords  = {CUr04 IRSr04 EGS4r EGSnrcr EGSnrcMPr OMEGAr BEAM},
   notes     = {Updated for EGSnrcMP version},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wa09,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and G. X. Ding and R. Kramer and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Skeletal dosimetry in cone beam computed tomography}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year  =    {2009},
   pages     = {2915 -- 2922},
   volume    = {36},
   keywords  = {EGSnrc FAX/MAX CBCT},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Wa15,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters},
   title     = {{ Increasing efficiency of BEAMnrc-simulated Co-60 beams using directional source biasing}},
   journal   = \mp,
   year  =    {2015},
   pages     = {5817 -- 5827},
   volume    = {42},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Wa48,
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}

@article{Wa77,
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   keywords  = {spectral.reconstruction},
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}

@article{Wa92,
   author    = {S.  Walker and A. F.  Bielajew and M.  Hale and D.  Jette},
   title     = {{ Installation of EGS4 Monte Carlo code on an 80386-based microcomputer}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {305 -- 306},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = {IRS92},
   notes     = {Describes how to get hold of and install EGS4j for a PC},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wa93,
   author    = {R.  Wang and S.  Duane and A. F.  Bielajew},
   title     = {{ A new scheme for Monte Carlo electron and photon transport}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0355},
   year      = {1993},
   keywords  = {IRSr93 EGS4r},
   notes     = {This is Ruqing Wang's PhD thesis which describes the introduction of single scattering capabilities into the EGS4 system and the comparison to a wide range of electron back-scatter and other interface experiments.},
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}

@article{Wa98,
   author    = {B. R. B.  Walters and D. W. O.  Rogers and K. R.  Shortt},
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   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS - work in progress},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {EGS4r OMEGAr},
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}

@article{Wa98a,
   author    = {Lu Wang and Chen-Shou Chui and Michael Lovelock},
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   journal   = \mp,
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   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Wa98a.pdf},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  ={TG--105},
   volume    = {25}
}

@article{Wa99,
   author    = {L. Wang and M. Lovelock and C. S. Chui},
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calculation method in heterogeneous phantoms }},
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   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Wa99.pdf}
}

@article{Po07,
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  volume={34},
  pages={2164},
  year={2007}
}

@article{Po07a,
  title={{Calculation of x-ray spectra emerging from an x-ray tube. Part II. X-ray production and filtration in x-ray targets}},
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  pages={2175},
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}

@article{Po09,
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    year = 2009,
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    keywords = { CBCT scatter, Monte Carlo },
    notes = { Uses reduced set of pixels and projections and performs linear interpolation}
}

@article{Po09a,
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  pages={6931 -- 6942},
  year=2009,
  doi={10.1088/0031-9155/54/22/012},
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}

@article{We03,
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    keywords = { DPM egsI xvmcI },
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}

@article{We07,
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}

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@article{We88,
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@article{We91,
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@article{We93,
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@article{We94,
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@article{We96,
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@article{We97,
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@article{We98,
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@article{Wh12,
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@article{Wh57,
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@article{Wi02,
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year = {2002},
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volume = {29},
pages = {2404 -- 2418},
keywords = {computerised tomography; image reconstruction; medical image
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@article{Wi05,
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publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
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number = {5},
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@article{Wi52,
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@article{Wi84,
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@article{Wi87a,
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   keywords  = {Bothe multiple scattering theory, large-angle limits},
   notes     = {Discusses in detail the connection between Goudsmit-Saunderson type and Moliere-Bothe multiple scattering theories. Goes beyond the work of Bethe 1953 (Be53)},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wi87b,
   author    = {J. F.  Williamson},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo evaluation of kerma at a point for photon
                  transport problems }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {567 -- 576},
   year      = {1987},
   volume    = 14,
   notes     ={kerma calculation methods},
   location  = {Ernesto's docs}
}

@article{Wi91,
   author    = {F. W.  Wittk\"{a}mper and H.  Thierens and A. {Van~der Plaetsen} and C. ~de Wagter
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   pages     = {1639 -- 1652},
   year      = {1991},
   volume    = 36,
   keywords  = {TG--51 parallel  TG--51 Prepl},
   notes     = {Measured values of P$_{\rm repl}$ for cylindrical and parallel plate chambers in electron beams.},
   location  = {DRs parallel plate binder}
}

@article{Wi91a,
   author    = {J. F.  Williamson},
   title     = {{ Comparison of measured and calculated dose rates in water
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {776 -- 786},
   year      = {199r15},
   volume    = 18,
   notes     ={Has detailed schematic of 6711},
   location  = {\pdf/Wi91a.pdf dave's brachy binder}
}

@article{Wi92,
   author    = {F. W.  Wittk\"{a}mper and A. H. L. Aalbers and B. J.  Mijnheer},
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   keywords  = {k_m k_att Ngas},
   location  = {DRs parallel plate binder}
}

@article{Wo90,
   author    = {M. K. Woo and J. R. Cunningham and J. J. Jezioranski },
   title     = {{ Extending the concept of primary and scatter separation
to the condition of electronic disequilibrium }},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {588 -- 595},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 17,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {\pdf/Wo90.pdf}
}

@article{Wo91,
   author    = {S.  Wolfram},
   title     = {{ Mathematica: a system for doing mathematics by computer}},
   journal   = {(Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, California)},
   year      = {1991},
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}

@article{Wo92,
   author    = {M. K.  Woo and A.  Fung and P.  O'Brien},
   title     = {{Treatment planning for asymmetric jaws on a
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   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1273 -- 1275},
   year      = {1992},
   volume    = 19,
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wu84,
   author    = {A.  Wu and A. M.  Kalend and R. D.  Zwicker and E. S.  Sternick},
   title     = {{ Comments on the method of energy determination for electron beam in the TG--21 protocol}},
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   pages     = {871 -- 872},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {mean energy TG--51 beam quality specification},
   notes     = {Pointed out that TG--21 should use depth-dose curves
       corrected to infinite SSD to be consistent with data being used for
       electron beams.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Wu94,
   author    = {A.  Wu and A.  Maitz and K.  Shortt and G.  Mackay and I.  Thomson and M.  Johnson and J.  Washick and L.  Lunsford and S.  Kalnicki},
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   volume    = 21
}

@article{Wu95,
   author    = {G. N.  Wu and G. A.  Sandison and C.  Bloch},
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   pages     = {2057 -- 2063},
   year      = {1995},
   volume    = 22,
   keywords  = {TG 39},
   notes     = {Measured and compared N$_{\rm gas}$ values following TG 39 and got good agreement for high energy beams but less good for lower energy electron beams (Markus chamber, P$_{\rm repl}$ problems).},
   location  = {TG--51 binder}
}

@article{Wy60,
   author    = {H. O.  Wyckoff},
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   keywords  = {exposure standard air kerma},
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}

@article{Xi01,
  title={{L-shell ionization study of tungsten by electron impact}},
  author={Xiu-Feng, P. and Fu-Qing, H. and Xian-Guan, L. and Zhu, A. and Zheng-Ming, L.},
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  volume={18},
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  year={2001},
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}

@article{Xi06,
  title={{Overview of image-guided radiation therapy}},
  author={L. Xing and B. Thorndyke and E. Schreibmann and Y. Yang and T. F. Li and G. Y. Kim and
G. Luxton and A. Koong},
  journal={Medical Dosimetry},
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  year={2006},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Xi07,
  title={{Computational Challenges for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: Framework and Current Research}},
  author={L. Xing and J. Siebers and P. Keall},
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  volume={17},
  number={4},
  pages={245--257},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Xi07a,
author = {Lei Xing and Jenghwa Chang and Colin G. Orton},
title = {Kilovoltage imaging is more suitable than megavoltage imaging for guiding radiation therapy},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2007},
journal = {Medical Physics},
volume = {34},
number = {12},
pages = {4563-4566},
keywords = {diagnostic radiography; radiation therapy},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/4563/1},
doi = {10.1118/1.2799489}
}

@article{YH96,
   author    = {J. C. Yanch and K. J. Harte},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo simulation of a miniature, radiosurgery x-ray tube
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   journal   = \mp,
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}

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   volume    = 53,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Yo02.pdf}
}

@article{YR04,
  author={G Yegin and D W O Rogers},
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  journal=\mp,
  volume={31},
  pages={1771 (abs)},
  year={2005},
  keywords = {EGSnrca,nonNRCa04},
  location = {\pdf/aapm04_abstracts.pdf}
}

@article{YR05,
   author    = {G. Yegin and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{BrachyDose: an EGSnrc user-code for full Monte Carlo
                simulation of brachytherapy implants using CT data (in
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   journal   = \mp,
   year = {2006},
   keywords  = {multi-geometry EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Ya04,
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   journal   = \pmb,
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   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 49,
   keywords  = {TG--105},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Ya04.pdf}
}

@article{Ya51,
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@article{Ya93,
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   year      = {1993},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ya98,
   author    = {C. L. Yang and D. W. O. Rogers and J. P. Seuntjens},
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   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {186 -- 188},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSe98 EGS4p OMEGAp NIHkQp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ya98a,
   author    = {C. L. Yang and D. W. O. Rogers and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Calculation of photon beam quality specifiers}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1085 (abstract)},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {EGS4a IRSa98 OMEGAa NIHkQa},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ya99,
   author    = {C. L. Yang and D. W. O. Rogers and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Calculation of Beam Quality Specifiers for Photon Beams}},
   journal   = {in preparation},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {NIHkQj},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ya99a,
   author    = {C. L. Yang and D. W. O. Rogers and K. R. Shortt
       and L. {Van~der~Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Ion recombination in ion chambers in continuous
       radiation}},
   journal   = {PIRS report, in preparation},
   year      = {2001},
   keywords  = {NIHkQr},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ya99b,
   author    = {C. L. Yang and D. W. O. Rogers and K. R. Shortt and L. {Van
       der Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Ion recombination in ion chambers in continuous radiation}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1999 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {23 -- 25},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRSe99 NIHkQp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ya99c,
   author    = {C. L. Yang and D. W. O. Rogers and K. R. Shortt and L. {Van der Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Ion recombination in ion chambers in continuous radiation}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1418},
   year      = {1999},
   keywords  = {IRSa99 NIHkQa},
   notes     = {Abstract for COMP presentation.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ye03,
   author    = {G. Yegin},
   title     = {{A new approach to geometry modelling of Monte Carlo
       particle transport: an application to EGS}},
   journal   = \nimb,
   pages     = {331 -- 338},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 211,
   keywords  = {multi-geometry EGS4j EGSnrcj},
   location  = {\pdf/Ye03.pdf}
}

@article{Ye03a,
   author    = {K. M. Yenice and D. M. Lovelock and M. A. Hunt and W. R. Lutz and N. Fournier-Bidoz and C. H. Hua and J. Yamada and M. Bilsky and H. Lee and K. Pfaff and S. V. Spirou and H. I. Amols},
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   pages     = {583 -- 593},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 55
}


@article{Ye05,
    author = {Sung-Joon Ye and Prem N. Pareek and Sharon Spencer and Jun Duan and Ivan A. Brezovich},
collaboration = {},
title = {{Monte Carlo techniques for scattering foil design and dosimetry in total skin electron irradiations}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {6},
pages = {1460-1468},
keywords = { EGSnrcj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1460/1}
}

@article{Yi95,
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   journal   = \mp,
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   location  = {Daryoush, binder A1-8}
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@article{Yo04,
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technique for IMRT }},
   journal   = \jacmp,
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   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 5,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Yo04.pdf}
}

@article{Yo06,
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  volume={66},
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  year={2006},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{Yo85,
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   keywords  = {electron contamination},
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@article{Yu87,
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   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/Yu87.pdf}
}

@article{Yu88,
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   title     = {{ A multiray model for calculating electron pencil beam distributions}},
   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {1988},
   volume    = 15,
   keywords  = {gxdphd},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Yu95,
  author={C X Yu},
  title={{Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: an alternative to tomotherapy}},
  journal={Physics in Medicine and Biology},
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  year={1995},
}

@article{Yu97,
   author    = {M. K.  Yu and S. R.  Sloboda and B.  Murray},
   title     = {{Linear accelerator photon beam quality at off--axis points}},
   journal   = \mp,
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   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = { },
   notes     = { },
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZB03,
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   journal   = \mp,
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   year      = {2003},
   volume    = {30},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {TG-105 binder, \pdf/ZB03.pdf}
}

@article{ZB06,
   author    = {W. Zbijewski and F. J. Beekman},
   title     = {{ Efficient Monte Carlo Based Scatter Artifact Reduction in Cone-Beam Micro-CT }},
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   year      = {2006},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {CBCT, scatter, MOnte Carlo},
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}

@article{ZB90,
   author    = {Y.  Zhu and A.  Boyer},
   title     = {{ X--ray dose computations in heterogeneous media using 3--dimensional FFT convolution}},
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   pages     = {351 -- 368},
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   volume    = {35},
   location  = {A2-53}
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@article{ZG66,
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   year      = {1966},
   volume    = 2 ,
   keywords  = {IRS66},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZG70,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger},
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   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRS70},
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}

@article{ZG71,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger},
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   year      = {1971},
   volume    = {I-166},
   keywords  = {IRS71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZG71a,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger},
   title     = {{ The Neutron Spectra and the Resulting Fluence-Kerma Conversions for $^{241}$Am-Li($\alpha$,n) and $^{210}$Po($\alpha$,n) Sources}},
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   year      = {1971},
   volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {IRS71},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZG72,
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   journal   = {First Symp. on Neutron Dosimetry in Biology and Medicine, Neuherberg/Munchen,  EUR 4896 d-f-e},
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   year      = {1972},
   keywords  = {IRS72},
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}

@article{ZG78,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger},
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   journal   = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods},
   pages     = {199},
   year      = {1978},
   volume    = 157,
   keywords  = {IRS78},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZG82,
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   title     = {{ Establishment of a Known Neutron Flux Density at 144 keV and 565 keV and the Calibration of In-Foil Detectors for an International Fluence Comparison}},
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   year      = {1982},
   keywords  = {IRSr82},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZG84,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger},
   title     = {{ Neutron Fluence Rate Measurements for Energies from 130 keV to 1900 keV}},
   journal   = {Fifth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry, Neuherberg/Munchen},
   pages     = {1247},
   year      = {1984},
   keywords  = {IRS84},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZG86,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger},
   title     = {{ The $\beta$-Calibration Facility at the National Research Council of Canada}},
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   keywords  = {IRSr86},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZM05,
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   journal   = {Rad. Phys. Chem},
   pages     = {537 -- 540},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 72,
   location  = {\pdf/ZM05.pdf},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj IRS05}
}

@article{ZM62,
   author    = {C. D.  Zerby and H. S.  Moran},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo calculation of the three-dimensional development of high-energy electron-photon cascade showers}},
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   location  = { }
}

@article{ZM62a,
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}

@article{ZM63,
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@article{ZP97,
author = {C. E. Zankowski and E. B. Podgorsak},
title = {{Calibration of photon and electron beams with an extrapolation
chamber }},
   year = {1997},
   journal = \mp,
   volume = {24},
   pages = {497 -- 503},
   keywords = {},
   location = {\pdf/ZP97.pdf}
}

@article{ZP98,
   author    = {C. Zankowski and E. B.  Podgorsak},
   title     = {{ Determination of saturation charge and collection efficiency
       for ionization chambers in continuous beams}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {908 -- 915},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = 25,
   keywords  = {recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder},
   notes     = {Points out dramatically that standard recombination
       theory does not work due to what they interpret as charge multiplication
       effects at high voltages.}
}

@article{ZR95,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ BEAM Example: A 10 MeV electron beam}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS 509h},
   year      = {1995},
   keywords  = {IRSr95  OMEGAr  EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@article{ZW02,
   author    = {W.  {van der Zee} and J. Welleweerd},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo study on internal wedges using BEAM}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {876 -- 885},
   year      = {2001},
   volume    = 29,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {BEAM 2002 papers binder}
}

@article{ZW99,
   author    = {W.  {van der Zee} and J. Welleweerd},
   title     = {{ Calculating photon beam characteristics with Monte Carlo
       techniques}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1883 -- 1892},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {OMEGAj EGS4j xvmcI },
   location  = {BEAM 1999 papers binder}
}

@article{Za97,
   author    = {C. Zankowski},
   title     = {{ Calibration of photon and electron beams with an
       extrapolation chamber}},
   journal   = {PhD Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada},
   year      = {1997},
   keywords  = {recombination plane-parallel},
   location  = {Dave has copy},
   notes     = {Points out dramatically that standard recombination
       theory does not work due to what they interpret as charge multiplication
       effects at high voltages. Also uses extrapolation chamber for absolute
       dosimetry in accelerator beams.}
}

@article{Za99,
   author    = {H. Zaidi},
   title     = {{ Relevance of accurate Monte Carlo modeling in nuclear
       medical imaging}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {574 -- 608},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {EGS4j ik_misc },
   notes     = {Extensive review of the use of EGS4 and Monte Carlo in
       general in nuclear medicine.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Ze03,
   author    = {G. G. Zeng and M. R. McEwen and D. W. O. Rogers and
       N. V. Klassen},
   title     = {{An experimental and Monte Carlo investigation of the energy
       dependence of alanine/EPR dosimetry: I. Clinical x-ray beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {257 -- 270},
   year      = {2004},
   volume    = 49,
   location  = {\pdf/Ze03.pdf},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj IRS04 pirs701 pirs702 }
}

@article{Ze05,
   author    = {G. G. Zeng and M. R. McEwen and D. W. O. Rogers and
       N. V. Klassen},
   title     = {{An experimental and Monte Carlo investigation of the energy
       dependence of alanine/EPR dosimetry: II. Clinical electron beams}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {1119 -- 1129},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   location  = {\pdf},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcj IRS05}
}

@article{Ze05a,
   author    = {W. van der Zee and  A. Hogenbirk and S. C. van der Marck},
   title     = {{ORANGE:a Monte Carlo dose engine for radiotherapy}},
   journal   = \pmb,
   pages     = {625 -- 641},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = 50,
   keywords  = {MCNPj xvmcv xvmcI },
   location  = {\pdf/Ze05a.pdf}
}

@article{Ze07,
  title={{Formulating adaptive radiation therapy (ART) treatment planning into a closed-loop control framework}},
  author={A. de la Zerda and B. Armbruster and L. Xing},
  journal=\pmb,
  volume={52},
  number={14},
  pages={4137},
  year={2007},
  publisher={IOP PUBLISHING LTD}
}

@article{Ze96,
   author    = {W.  {van der Zee}},
   title     = {{Photon Beam Radiotherapy Planning using Monte
       Carlo-systems}},
   journal   = {MSc. thesis, Utrecht University, the Netherlands},
   year      = {1996},
   keywords  = {BEAM OMEGAr EGS4r},
   location  = {Dave has copy}
}

@article{Zh03,
    author = {T.~C. Zhu and B.~E. Bj\"{a}rngard},
    title = {{ Head-scatter off-axis for megavoltage x rays}},
    journal   = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {533 -- 543}
}

@article{Zh05,
   author    = {T. C. and A. Ahnesj\"{o} and K. L. Lam and X. A. Li and
C-M. Ma and J. R. Palta and M. Sharpe and R. Tailor et al,. },
   title     = {{ Output Factor in Air: Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 74}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {in preparation},
   year      = {2005},
   volume    = {},
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Zh94,
    author    = {T. C. Zhu and B. E. B\"{a}rngard},
    title     = {{ The head-scatter factor for small field sizes}},
   journal   = \mp,
    pages     = {65 -- 68},
    year      = {1994},
    volume    = 21,
   keywords  = {},
   location  = {}
}

@article{Zh96,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Cygler and T. R.
       Mackie},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo Calculated Electron Beam Output
       Factors vs Cutout Size}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1154},
   year      = {1996},
   volume    = 23,
   keywords  = {EGS4a BEAM OMEGAa IRSa96},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zh97c,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Cygler and T. R.
       Mackie},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo Calculated Electron Beam Applicator Gap
       Factors vs SSD}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1049},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {EGS4a BEAM OMEGAa IRSa97},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zh97d,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J.  Cygler and T. R.
       Mackie},
   title     = {{Corrections for Electron Beam Output Due to Stopping-Power
       Ratio Change vs $d_{\rm max}$ and Field Size}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   pages     = {1201},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {EGS4a BEAM OMEGAa IRSa97},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zh98,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O. Rogers and J. E.  Cygler and T. R.
       Mackie},
   title     = {{Effects of changes in stopping-power ratios with field size on
       electron beam ROFs}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {1711 -- 1724},
   year      = {1998},
   volume    = {25},
   keywords  = {IRS98 OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {\pdf/Zh98.pdf},
   notes     = {Using BEAM code generated realistic beams, the variation
       in stopping-power ratios with field size was investigated.}
}

@article{Zh98a,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo study of variation of electron beam output with
       size of air gap}},
   journal   = {submitted  to Med. Phys. in May},
   year      = {1998},
   notes     = {Shows that BEAM can predict within 1\% the variation in
       electron beam output with SSD.}
}

@article{Zh98b,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler and T. R.
       Mackie},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo investigation of electron beam output factors
       vs size of square cutout}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {743 -- 750},
   year      = {1999},
   volume    = 26,
   keywords  = {IRS99 OMEGAj EGS4j},
   location  = {\pdf/Zh98b.pdf}
}

@article{Zh98c,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Electron broad beams and their implications}},
   journal   = {will submit  to Med. Phys.},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = { }
}

@article{Zh98d,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo calculations of electron beam output factors for
       arbitrary fields}},
   journal   = {submitted  to Med. Phys. in June},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = { }
}

@article{Zh98e,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo Investigation of electron beam relative
       output factors}},
   journal   = {Med. Phys. (abstract)},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSa98 OMEGAa EGS4a},
   notes     = {COMP meeting paper}
}

@article{Zh98f,
   author    = {G. G.  Zhang and D. W. O.  Rogers and J. E.  Cygler},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Investigation of electron beam relative
       output factors}},
   journal   = {Proceedings of the 1998 COMP Annual Meeting (Canadian
       Organization of Medical Physicists, Edmonton, Alberta)},
   pages     = {34 -- 36},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {IRSe98 EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zh98g,
   author    = {G. G. Zhang},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo Investigation of Electron Beam Relative Output
       Factors}},
   journal   = {PhD. thesis, Carleton University, Ottawa},
   year      = {1998},
   keywords  = {BEAM EGS4r OMEGAr photon accelerators IRSr98},
   location  = {Dave has copy}
}

@article{Zo81,
   author    = {J. Zoetelief and A. C. Engels and J. J. Broerse},
   title     = {{ Displacement corrections for spherical ion chambers in phantoms irradiated with neutron and photon beams}},
   journal   = {In: Proceedings of an International Conference held in Paris, 1980. IAEA-SM-249/38. (Vienna: IAEA)},
   pages     = {125 -- 138},
   year      = {1981},
   keywords  = {TG61, medium energy x--rays, displacement effect of ion chambers},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zo89,
   author    = {J.  Zoetelief and N. J. P.  {de Wit} and J. J.  Broerse},
   title     = {{ Dosimetric aspects of film/screen mammography: In--phantom dosimetry with thimble--type ionisation chambers.}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1169 -- 1177},
   year      = {1989},
   volume    = 34,
   keywords  = {TG61, low energy X-rays, NE2571, displacement effect},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zo90,
   author    = {J.  Zoetelief and C. M.  Eisenhauer and J. J.  Coyne},
   title     = {{ Calculations of displacement corrections for in--phantom measurements with ionization chambers for mammography}},
   journal   = {Phys. Med. Biol.},
   pages     = {1287 -- 1299},
   year      = {1990},
   volume    = 35,
   keywords  = {TG61, low energy X-rays, NE2571, displacement effect},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zs81,
   author    = {K.  Zsdansky and J.  Hizo and I.  Nickl},
   title     = {{ Some remarks on the calibration of clinical dosimeters in terms of absorbed dose to water.}},
   journal   = {In: Proceedings of an International Conference held in Paris, 1980.(Vienna: IAEA). IAEA-SM-249/75},
   pages     = {335 -- 360},
   year      = {1981},
   keywords  = {TG61, medium energy X--rays, calibration of cylindrical ionchambers},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zw68,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Calculated Neutron Spectra from $^{9}$Be($\alpha$,n) Sources}},
   journal   = {Canadian Journal of Physics},
   pages     = {1527},
   year      = {1968},
   volume    = 46,
   keywords  = {IRS68},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zw73,
   author    = {L.  {Van der Zwan} and K. W.  Geiger and H.  Werle},
   title     = {{ The Neutron Spectrum of a $^{227}$Ac-Be($\alpha$,n) Source}},
   journal   = {Intl J of Appl Rad  Isotopes},
   pages     = {165},
   year      = {1973},
   volume    = 24,
   keywords  = {IRS73},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zw84,
   author    = {R. D.  Zwicker and A.  Wu and B. H.  Curran and E. S.  Sternick},
   title     = {{ Electron contamination due to lucite in a 45-MV photon beam}},
   journal   = \mp,
   pages     = {534 -- 538},
   year      = {1984},
   volume    = 11,
   keywords  = {electron contamination},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zw91,
   author    = {L.  {Van~der~Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Energy response of Victoreen digital survey meter, model 660--1, with its probe, model 660--5}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0275},
   year      = {1991},
   keywords  = {IRSr91},
   notes     = {Presents energy response for low-energy x-ray beams.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{Zw92,
   author    = {L.  {Van~der~Zwan}},
   title     = {{ Energy response of Victoreen digital survey meter, model 660--1, with its probe, model 660--3}},
   journal   = {NRC Report PIRS-0338},
   year      = {1992},
   keywords  = {IRSr},
   notes     = {Presents energy response for low-energy x-ray beams.},
   location  = { }
}

@article{bohm:1103,
author = {Tim D. Bohm and Sheridan L. Griffin and Paul M. DeLuca, Jr. and Larry A. DeWerd},
collaboration = {},
title = {{The effect of ambient pressure on well chamber response: Monte Carlo calculated results for the HDR 1000 Plus}},
publisher = {AAPM},
year = {2005},
journal = \mp,
volume = {32},
number = {4},
pages = {1103-1114},
keywords = { EGSnrcj },
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/1103/1}
}

@incollection{An89a,
   author    = {P.  Andreo},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Stopping-Power Ratios for Dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {485 -- 501},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice, Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{BR89,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron Step-Size Artefacts and PRESTA}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {115 -- 137},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter IRSc89 EGS4c},
   notes     = {Review of step size effects in electron Monte Carlo transport.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{BR89a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Variance-reduction techniques}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {407 -- 419},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter IRSc89 EGS4c},
   notes     = {A review of variance reduction techniques used in electron transport calculations.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{BW89,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and R.  Wang},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Multiple-scattering angular deflections and energy-loss straggling}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {21 -- 56},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter},
   notes     = {Review of elastic scattering, multiple scattering and continuous energy loss},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Be63,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   editor    = {B. Alder and S. Fernbach and M. Rotenberg},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Calculation of the penetration and diffusion of fast charged particles}},
   booktitle = {Methods in Comput.  Phys.},
   pages     = {135 -- 215},
   year      = {1963},
   publisher = {Academic},
   address   = {New York},
   volume    = 1,
   keywords  = {ETRAN},
   notes     = {The classic paper on electron Monte Carlo.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Be89,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron Stopping Powers for Transport Calculations}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {57 -- 80},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Be89a,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ETRAN - Experimatal Benchmarks}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {183 -- 219},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Bi89a,
   author    = {A. F.  Bielajew},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Electron Transport in $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{B}$ Fields}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {421 -- 434},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter IRSc89},
   notes     = {Describes the techniques for including electric and magnetic fields in electron Monte Carlo transport codes.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Bo66,
   author    = {J. W. Boag},
   editor    = {F. H.  Attix and W. C. Roesch},
   title     = {{ Ion chambers}},
   booktitle = {Radiation Dosimetry, Vol II},
   pages     = {1 -- 72},
   year      = {1966},
   publisher = {Academic Press},
   keywords  = {Pion polarity},
   notes     = {Review chapter},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Bo87,
   author    = {J. W. Boag},
   editor    = {K. R. Kase and B. E. Bj\"{a}rngard and F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Ionization Chambers}},
   booktitle = {The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation,Vol II},
   pages     = {169 -- 243},
   year      = {1987},
   publisher = {Academic Press},
   keywords  = {Ion recombination polarity effect},
   notes     = {Review chapter },
   location  = {Pion binder or 5206 lectures }
}

@incollection{Cu82,
   author    = {J. R.  Cunningham},
   editor    = {C. G.  Orton},
   title     = {{Tissue Inhomogeneity Corrections in Photon-Beam
       Treatment Planning}},
   booktitle = {{Progress in Medical Radiation Physics}},
   pages     = {103 -- 131},
   year      = {1982},
   publisher = {Plenum Press, New York},
   keywords  = {review of dose calculation algorithms},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Du76,
   author    = {A. Dutreix},
   editor    = {S. Kramer and N. Suntharalingam and G. F.  Zinninger},
   title     = {{ Problems of high-energy X-ray dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {High-energy photons and electrons: clinical applications in
       cancer management},
   pages     = {204 -- 214},
   year      = {1976},
   publisher = {Wiley},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = { },
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{El01,
    author = {S.S. Elbakian and E.D. Gazazian and K.A. Ispirian and R.K. Ispirian and K.N. Sanosyan},
    title = {{Coherent Radio Radiation of 15MeV -- 30GeV Electron and Photon Bunches in Thin and Thick Radiators}},
    booktitle = {Radio Detection of High Energy Particles, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 579},
    editor = {David Saltzberg and Peter Gorham},
    pages = {241 -- 248},
    year = 2001,
    publisher = {Melville, NY: AIP},
    keywords = {EGSnrcj}
}

@incollection{FH66,
   author    = {H. Fricke and E J Hart},
   editor    = {F. H.  Attix and W. C. Roesch},
   title     = {{ Chemical Dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {Radiation Dosimetry, Vol II},
   pages     = {167 -- 239},
   year      = {1966},
   publisher = {Academic Press},
   keywords  = {Fricke dosimetry},
   notes     = {Review chapter},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Ha88,
   author    = {J. Halbleib},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Structure and Operation of the ITS code system}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {249 -- 262},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter},
   notes     = {A general description of the ITS code system.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{It88,
   author    = {A.  Ito},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E.
Nahum and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Three-dimensional dose calculations for Total Body
Irradiaion}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {573 -- 598},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice, Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Ja99a,
  title={{X-ray imaging for verification and localization in radiation therapy}},
  author={Jaffray, DA and Bissonnette, JP and Craig, T.},
  pages={259--284},
  booktitle = {{Modern Technology of Radiation Oncology (suppl. 1)}},
  year      = {1999},
  publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing Corporation},
  address   = {Madison, WI},
  keywords  = {IGRT},
}


@incollection{Ma95f,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and P.  Reckwerdt and N.  Papanikolaou},
   editor    = {J. A.  Purdy and B.  Emami},
   title     = {{3--D photon beam dose algorithms}},
   booktitle = {{3--D Radiation Treatment Planning and Conformal Therapy}},
   year      = {1995},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing Corporation},
   keywords  = {photon beam dose algorithms},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Ma96f,
   author    = {T. R.  Mackie and P.  Reckwerdt and T.  McNutt},
   editor    = {T. R.  Mackie and J. R. Palta},
   title     = {{Photon beam dose computations}},
   booktitle = {{Teletherapy: Present and Future}},
   pages     = {103 -- 135},
   year      = {1996},
   publisher = {AAPM, Washington DC},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Mo88c,
   author    = {R.  Mohan},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E.
Nahum and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Dose calculations for Radiation Treatment Planning}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {549 -- 571},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice, Monte Carlo},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{NH95,
   author    = {R.  Nath and M.  S.  Huq},
   editor    = {A.  R.  Smith},
   title     = {{Advances in Radiation Dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {{Radiation Therapy Physics}},
   pages     = {401 -- 448},
   year      = {1995},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
   notes     = {Extensive review of radiation dosimetry, especially protocols, up to about 1993}
}

@incollection{NR89,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Structure and Operation of the EGS4 code system}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {287 -- 306},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter IRSc89 EGS4c},
   notes     = {A general description of the EGS4 code system.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Na89,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Overview of Photon and Electron Monte Carlo}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {3 -- 20},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice chapter},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Na89a,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Simulation of Dosimeter Response and Interface Effects}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {523 -- 547},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Overview about problems in dosimeter response simulations},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Ni88a,
   author    = {H. Niederreiter},
   editor    = {H. Braas and G. H\"ammerlin},
   title     = {Numerical Integration III},
   booktitle = {ISNM vol. 85},
   pages     = {157--171},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Birkh\"auser, Basel},
   notes     = {Niederreiters quasi-random generator}
}

@incollection{RB89,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ 20~MeV electrons on a slab of water}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {139 -- 152},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {IRSc89 EGS4c},
   notes     = {A tutorial paper which explains the basic features of Monte Carlo electron transport.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{RB89a,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Experimental benchmarks of  EGS}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {307 -- 322},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {IRSc89},
   notes     = {A discussion of the low energy comparisons between EGS and experimental data.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{RB89b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ A comparison of EGS and  ETRAN}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {323 -- 344},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {IRSc89 EGS4c},
   notes     = {A detailed comparison of the two most commonly used electron Monte Carlo transport codes.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{RB90,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and A. F.  Bielajew},
   editor    = {K. R. Kase and B. E. Bj\"{a}rngard and F. H.  Attix},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo techniques of electron and photon transport for radiation dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation,Vol III},
   pages     = {427 -- 539},
   year      = {1990},
   publisher = {Academic Press},
   keywords  = {EGS4c review  chapter IRSc90},
   notes     = {Review chapter describing general techniques of electron transport Monte Carlo simulations.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Ro92,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   editor    = {J. Purdy},
   title     = {{Fundamentals of High Energy X-ray and Electron Dosimetry Protocols}},
   booktitle = {{Advances in Radiation Oncology Physics, Medical Physics Monograph 19}},
   pages     = {181 -- 223},
   year      = {1992},
   publisher = {{AAPM}, New York},
   keywords  = {review chapter TG--51 fundamentals IRSc92},
   notes     = {Reviews fundamentals and shortcomings of AAPM protocol and compares it to the IAEA code and outlines the k$_{\rm Q}$ approach using absorbed dose calibration factors.}
}

@incollection{Ro92b,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   editor    = {J. Purdy},
   title     = {{ New Dosimetry Standards}},
   booktitle = {{Advances in Radiation Oncology Physics, Medical Physics Monograph 19}},
   pages     = {90 -- 110},
   year      = {1992},
   publisher = {{AAPM}, New York},
   keywords  = {review chapter TG--51 fundamentals  TG--51 standards IRSc92},
   notes     = {Presents an overview of the many different types of
       absorbed-dose standards being developed at primary standards
       laboratories.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Ro96,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers},
   editor    = {J. R. Palta and T. R. Mackie},
   title     = {{Fundamentals of Dosimetry Based on Absorbed-Dose Standards}},
   booktitle = {{Teletherapy Physics, Present and Future}},
   pages     = {319 -- 356},
   year      = {1996},
   publisher = {AAPM, Washington DC},
   keywords  = {TG--51  IRSc96},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{SM03,
   author    = {J.  Siebers and R.  Mohan},
   editor    = {T. R. Mackie and J. R. Palta},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo and IMRT}},
   booktitle = {{Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, The State of the Art}},
   pages     = {531 -- 560},
   year      = {2003},
   publisher = {AAPM, Washington DC},
   keywords  = {MCV},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/aapm_imrt_2003/SiebersAAPM2003.pdf}
}

@incollection{Se89,
   author    = {S. M.  Seltzer},
   editor    = {T. M. Jenkins and  W. R. Nelson and  A. Rindi and A. E. Nahum and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ An overview of ETRAN Monte Carlo methods}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons},
   pages     = {153 -- 182},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {Plenum Press},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {Erice},
   notes     = {Best available description of ETRAN code.},
   location  = { }
}

@incollection{Si05,
  author = {J.V. Siebers and P.J. Keall and I. Kawrakow},
  title = {{Monte Carlo Dose Calculations for External Beam Radiation Therapy}},
  booktitle = {The Modern Technology of Radiation Oncology},
  pages = {91--130},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing},
  address = {Madison, Wisconsin},
  editor = {J.V. Dyk}
}

@incollection{Wi88,
   author    = {J. F.  Williamson},
   editor    = {R. L.  Morin},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo Simulation of Photon Transport Phenomenena:
       Sampling Techniques}},
   booktitle = {Monte Carlo Simulation in the Radiological Sciences},
   pages     = {53 -- 101},
   year      = {1988},
   publisher = {CRC Press, Inc.},
   address   = {Boca Raton, Florida},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo review},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's shelf}
}

@incollection{Wi95,
   author    = {J. F.  Williamson},
   editor    = {A. R. Smith},
   title     = {{ Recent developments in basic brachytherapy physics}},
   booktitle = {Radiation Therapy Physics},
   pages     = {247 -- 302},
   year      = {1995},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
   address   = {New York},
   keywords  = {includes Monte Carlo review},
   notes     = { },
   location  = {Dave's shelf}
}

@inproceedings{Ah84,
   author    = {A.  Ahnesj\"{o}},
   editor    = {},
   title     = {{ Application of transform algorithms for calculation of
                absorbed dose in photon beams}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, VIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Toronto}},
   pages     = {17 -- 19},
   year      = {1984},
   publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press, Silver Spring},
   keywords  = {energy deposition kernels}
}

@inproceedings{Ah84a,
   author    = {A.  Ahnesj\"{o}},
   editor    = {},
   title     = {{ Application of transform algorithms for calculation of
                absorbed dose in photon beams}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, VIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Toronto}},
   pages     = {17 -- 19},
   year      = {1984},
   publisher = {IEEE Computer Society Press, Silver Spring},
   keywords  = {energy deposition kernels},
   location  = {daves convolution superposition binder}
}

@inproceedings{Al01,
   author    = {D. Albers and F. Cremers and I. Eggers and M. Todorovic and
       R. Schmidt},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Energy spectra and dose distributions of a medical linear
       accelerator simulatd with BEAM/EGS4 and MCNP}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {321 -- 327},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Al80,
   author    = {A.  Allisy},
   title     = {{ Some Statistical Methods Used in Metrology}},
   booktitle = {Proc Int'l School of Physics ``Enrico Fermi'', Course LXVIII,
       Metrology and Fundamental Constants},
   pages     = {20 -- 37},
   year      = {1980},
   publisher = {North Holland, Amsterdam},
   keywords  = {BIPM},
   notes     = {I don't understand it well},
   location  = {DR's BIPM papers  QC1 S43 course 68 at CISTI}
}

@inproceedings{Ay00,
   author    = {K Ayyangar and R. Mooij and P Nizin},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ OMEGA Monte Carlo verification of dosimetric data for
       Gamma Knife}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {464 -- 465},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Bo93,
   author    = {F. W.~Bopp and R.~Engel,I.~Kawrakow and D.~Pertermann and J.~Ranft},
   editor    = {X. N.~Wang},
   title     = {{ Minijets in the two-component Dual Parton Model in hadronic
       and heavy ion collisions}},
   booktitle = {Workshop on Pre-equilibrium Parton Dynamics in
       Heavy-ion Collisions},
   pages     = {41--48},
   year      = {1994},
   publisher = {Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab.: Berkeley, CA},
   keywords  = {nonNRCp93}
}

@inproceedings{Cr00,
   author    = {C. Cris and E. Born and R. Mini and H. Neuenschwander and W.
       Volken},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ A scaling method for multiple source models}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {411 -- 413},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp RTP},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{De00a,
   author    = {J. Deng and S. B. Jiang and T.  Pawlicki and J. Li and C-M Ma},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Electron beam commissioning for Monte Carlo dose
       calculation}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {431 -- 433},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp RTP EGS4p},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder, BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Do87,
   author    = {S. R.  Domen},
   editor    = {Kase, K. R. and Bjarngard, B. E. and Attix, F. H.},
   title     = {{ Advances in Calorimetry for Radiation Dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II},
   pages     = {245 -- 320},
   year      = {1987},
   publisher = {Academic Press: Orlando},
   keywords  = {NIST calorimeter},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{Fi00,
   author    = {M. Fippel and I. Kawrakow and F. N\"{u}sslin and D. W. O.
       Rogers},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Implementation of several variance reduction techniques into the
       XVMC Monte Carlo algorithm for photon beams}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {406 -- 408},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {IRSe00 RTP},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder}
}

@inproceedings{Fi00a,
   author    = {M. Fippel and M. Alber and M. Birkner and W. Laub and
       F. N\"{u}sslin and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ Inverse treatment planning for radiation therapy based on
       fast Monte Carlo dose calculation}},
   booktitle = {{ Programme of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {62 -- 63},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Oliveira and Kling, ITN, Lisboa},
   keywords  = {IRSa00}
}

@inproceedings{Fi01,
   author    = {M. Fippel and M. Alber and M. Birkner and W. Laub and
       F. N\"{u}sslin and I. Kawrakow},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Inverse treatment planning for radiation therapy based on
       fast Monte Carlo dose calculation}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {217 -- 222},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {IRSp01 VMC++},
   location  = {\pdf/Fi01.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Ho04,
  title={{Analytical corrections for beam-hardening and object scatter in volumetric computed tomography systems}},
  author={F. Hopkins and Y. Du and B. Lasiuk and A. Abraham and S. Basu},
  booktitle={Proceedings of 16th World Conference of NonDestructive Testing, Montreal, Canada},
  pages={462--468},
  year={2004}
}

@inproceedings{Ji00a,
   author    = {S. B. Jiang and J. Deng and J. Li and  T.  Pawlicki and A.
       L. Boyer and C-M Ma},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Modeling and commissioning of clinical photon beams for
       Monte Carlo treatment planning}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {434 -- 436},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp RTP EGS4p},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder, BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{KF00,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and M. Fippel},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ VMC++, a fast MC algorithm for radiation treatment
       planning}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {126 --128},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {IRSe00 RTP VMC++},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder}
}

@inproceedings{KR00a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ The EGSnrc System, a status report}},
   booktitle = {{ Programme of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {33 --34},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Oliveira and Kling, ITN, Lisboa},
   keywords  = {EGSnrca EGS4a IRSa00}
}

@inproceedings{KR01,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ The EGSnrc System, a status report}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {135 -- 140},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcp EGS4p IRSp01},
   location  = {\pdf/KR01.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Ka00b,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ VMC$^{++}$, electron and photon Monte Carlo calculations
       optimized for Radiation Treatment Planning}},
   booktitle = {{ Programme of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {67},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Oliveira and Kling, ITN, Lisboa},
   keywords  = {IRSa00 VMC++}
}

@inproceedings{Ka01,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ VMC$^{++}$, electron and photon Monte Carlo calculations
       optimized for Radiation Treatment Planning}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {229 -- 236},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {IRSp01 VMC++, TG--105},
   location  = {Tg-105 binder, \pdf/Ka01.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Ka02a,
   author    = {Iwan Kawrakow},
   editor    = {J. P. Seuntjens and P. Mobit},
   title     = {{Cavity theory revisited}},
   booktitle = {Recent developments in accurate radiation dosimetry,
       Proc. of an Int'l Workshop},
   pages     = {5},
   year      = {2002},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing, Madison WI},
   keywords  = {IRSa01}
}

@inproceedings{Ka92c,
   author    = {I.~Kawrakow and H. J.~M\"ohring and J.~Ranft},
   editor    = {J. Tran~Thanh~Van},
   title     = {{ The Monte Carlo Dual Parton Model DTUNUC}},
   booktitle = {{ 27th Rencontre de Moriond : Electroweak Interactions and
       Unified Theories}},
   pages     = {449--452},
   year      = {1992},
   publisher = {Ed. Frontieres: Gif-sur-Yvette},
   keywords  = {nonNRCp92}
}

@inproceedings{Ke00a,
   author    = {P. Keall and J. Siebers and R. Mohan},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ The impact of Monte Carlo dose calculations on treatment
       outcomes}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {425 -- 427},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p RTP},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder, BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{LV00,
   author    = {H. H. Liu and F. Verhaegen},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Add a dynamic swing to Monte Carlo simulation - Modeling
       dynamic jaw motion using three sampling techniques}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {452 -- 454},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{La00,
   author    = {W. Laub and M. Alber and M. Birkner and F. N\"{u}sslin},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ IMRT with Monte Carlo dose computation: what is the
       benefit}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {423 -- 428},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p RTP},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder, BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Le01a,
   author    = {A. Leal and F. {S\'{a}nchez-Doblado} and M. Perucha and
       M. Rinc\'{o}n and R. Arr\'{a}ns and C. Bernal and  E. Carrasco},
   editor    = {{A. Kling {\em et al.}} },
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of an arc therapy treatment by
       means of a PC distribution model}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radn Phys, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Appl: Proc of
       Monte Carlo 2000, Lisbon}},
   pages     = {329 --  332},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Le01b,
   author    = {A. Leal and F. {S\'{a}nchez-Doblado} and M. Perucha and
       M. Rinc\'{o}n and C. Bernal and E. Carrasco},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ PC-based process distribution to solve iterative Monte
       Carlo simulations in physical dosimetry}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {211 -- 216},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Li00b,
   author    = {J S Li and T Pawlicki and J Deng and S B Jiang and C-M Ma},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Simulation of beam modifiers for Monte Carlo treatment
       planning}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {437 -- 439},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp RTP EGS4p},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder, BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Ma00a,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and J. S. Li and T. Pawlicki and S. B. Jiang and J.
       Deng},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ MCDOSE - A Monte Carlo dose calculation tool for radiation
       therapy treatment planning}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {123 -- 125},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {RTP EGS4p BEAM OMEGAp},
   location  = {BEAM binder, MC treatment planning binder}
}

@inproceedings{Ma00c,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and J. S. Li and T. Pawlicki and S. B. Jiang and J. Deng},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ MCDOSE - A Monte Carlo dose calculation tool for radiation
       therapy treatment planning}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {411 -- 413},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {RTP EGS4p BEAM OMEGAp},
   location  = {BEAM binder, MC treatment planning binder}
}

@inproceedings{Ma97b,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and A. X. Li and J. P. Seuntjens},
   editor    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Study of Dosimetry Consistency for Kilovoltage X-ray Beams}},
   booktitle = {{ Kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and
       radiobiology: Proceedings of a workshop}},
   pages     = {69 -- 87},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, USA},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, TG61, IRSp99},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{Ma99,
   author    = {C.-M. Ma and C. W. Coffey and L. A. Dewerd and C. Liu and R.
       Nath and S. M. Seltzer and J. P. Seuntjens},
   editor    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ Status of Kilovoltage X-ray Beam Dosimetry in Radiotherapy}},
   booktitle = {{ Kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and
       radiobiology: Proceedings of a workshop}},
   pages     = {27 -- 42},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, USA},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, TG61, IRSp99},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{Mc97,
   author    = {T. R. McComb and J Dunn and D. M. Burgess and J. Rungis
       and Y. Li and L.  {Van~der~Zwan} and D. Hoffman},
   title     = {{  Interlaboratoy Comparison of Transfer Standards for Direct
       Voltage Calibration of Industrial Measurement Systems}},
   booktitle = {Proc. Tenth International Symposium on High Voltage,
       Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, August 25-29},
   pages     = {1 -- 5},
   year      = {1997},
   volume    = 4,
   keywords  = {IRSp97},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{Me00,
   author    = {Medin, J. and Seuntjens, J. and Klassen, N. and Ross, C. and
       Stucki, G.},
   editor    = {Williams, A. J. and Rosser, K. E.},
   title     = {{The {OFMET} Sealed Water Calorimeter}},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of {NPL} Workshop on Recent Advances in
       Calorimetric Absorbed Dose Standards},
   pages     = {65--73},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK},
   keywords  = {calorimetry IRSp00},
   location  = {\pdf/Me00.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Mu00,
   author    = {C D Mubata and F Verhaegen and A E Nahum},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Speeding up Monte Carlo simulation of electron cut-outs in
       treatment planning}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {440 -- 442},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p (no explicit reference)},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Mu96,
   author    = {P. Munro and S. Puddephatt and C. K. Ross},
   title     = {{ Low Energy Bremsstrahlung for Portal Imaging}},
   booktitle = {Proceedings, 4$^{th}$ Int. Workshop on Electronic Portal
       Imaging},
   year      = {1996},
   address   = {Amsterdam},
   keywords  = {IRSe96}
}

@inproceedings{NC97b,
   author    = {J. Seuntjens and A. H. L. Aalbers and T. W. M. Grimbergen and
       B. J. Mijnheer and H. Thierens and J. {Van Dam} and F. W. Wittkamper and J. Zoetelief and M. Piessens and P. Piret},
   editor    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Suitability of diamond detectors to measure central axis
       depth kerma curves for low and medium--energy x--rays}},
   booktitle = {{ Kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and
       radiobiology: Proceedings of a workshop}},
   pages     = {227 -- 238},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, USA},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, NCS working party, TG61, IRSp99},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{NC97c,
   author    = {T. W. M. Grimbergen and A. H. L. Aalbers and B. J. Mijnheer and
       J. Seuntjens and H. Thierens and J. {Van Dam} and
       F. W. Wittkamper and J. Zoetelief},
   editor    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{ The NCS code of practice for dosimetry of low and medium
       energy x-rays}},
   booktitle = {{ Kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and
       radiobiology: Proceedings of a workshop}},
   pages     = {55 -- 68},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, USA},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, NCS working party TG61, IRSp99},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{Pa00a,
   author    = {H. Palmans and F. Verhaiegen and F. M. Buffa and C. Mubata},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Considerations for modelling MLCs with Monte Carlo
       techniques}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {458 -- 460},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Pa02b,
   author    = {K. A. Paskalev and J. P. Seuntjens and E. B. Podgorsak},
   editor    = {J. P. Seuntjens and P. Mobit},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of ultra-small photon fields}},
   booktitle = {Recent developments in accurate radiation dosimetry,
       Proc. of an Int'l Workshop},
   pages     = {298 -- 318},
   year      = {2002},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing, Madison WI}
}

@inproceedings{Pe01,
   author    = {M. Perucha and F. {S\'{a}nchez-Doblado} and
       M. Rinc\'{o}n and A. Leal and L. N\'{u}nez and R. Arr\'{a}ns
       and  E. Carrasco and J. A. S\'{a}nchez-Calzado and L.
       Errazquin},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo physical dosimetry for small phton beams}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {555 -- 559},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Pe01a,
   author    = {M. Perucha and F. {S\'{a}nchez-Doblado} and
       M. Rinc\'{o}n and A. Leal and L. N\'{u}nez and R. Arr\'{a}ns
       and  E. Carrasco and B. S\'{a}nchez-Nieto and
       J. A. S\'{a}nchez-Calzado and L.  Errazquin},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo dose distributions for radiosurgery}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {561 -- 564},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{RM00,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and R. Mohan},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Questions for comparison of clinical Monte Carlo codes}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {120 -- 122},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {IRSp00 RTP EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {MC treatment planning binder}
}

@inproceedings{Ri01a,
   author    = {M. Rinc\'{o}n and   F. {S\'{a}nchez-Doblado} and
       A. Leal and M. Perucha and R. Arr\'{a}ns and J. C.
       Medrano and  E. Carrasco and J. A. {S\'{a}nchez-Calzado} and L.
       Errazquin},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo conformal treatment planning as an independent
       assessment}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {565 -- 570},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Ro00e,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo techniques for primary standards of ionizing
       radiation and for dosimetry protocols}},
   booktitle = {{ Programme of the Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {76 -- 77},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Oliveira and Kling, ITN, Lisboa},
   keywords  = {EGSnrca EGS4a IRSa00}
}

@inproceedings{Ro00f,
   author    = {Ross, C. K. and Seuntjens, J. P. and Klassen, N. V. and
       Shortt, K. R.},
   editor    = {Williams, A. J. and Rosser, K. E.},
   title     = {{The {NRC} Sealed Water Calorimeter: Correction Factors and
       Performance}},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of {NPL} Workshop on Recent Advances in
       Calorimetric Absorbed Dose Standards},
   pages     = {90--102},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK},
   keywords  = {calorimetry IRSp00},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro00f.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Ro01,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo techniques for primary standards of ionizing
       radiation and for dosimetry protocols}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {291 -- 298},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGSnrcp EGS4p IRSp01 OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/Ro01.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Ro01d,
   author    = {M. Rosetti and M. Benassi and V. Bruzzaniti and A. Bufacchi
       and M. D'Andrea},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ Intra-operative radiation therapy optimization using the
       Monte Carlo method}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {455 -- 460},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4p OMEGAp},
   location  = {\pdf/meetings_proceedings/MC2000/MC2000_proceed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Se00a,
   author    = {Seuntjens, J. P. and Kawrakow, I. and Ross, C. K.},
   editor    = {Williams, A. J. and Rosser, K. E.},
   title     = {{Revisiting Convective Motion in Stagnant Water Calorimeters
       Operated at Room Temperature}},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of {NPL} Workshop on Recent Advances in
       Calorimetric Absorbed Dose Standards},
   pages     = {103--119},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK},
   keywords  = {calorimetry IRSp00},
   location  = {\pdf/Se00a.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Se02,
   author    = {J. P. Seuntjens and I. Kawrakow and J. Borg and F. Hobeila and
       D. W. O. Rogers},
   editor    = {J. P. Seuntjens and P. Mobit},
   title     = {{Calculated and measured air-kerma response of ionization
       chambers in low and medium energy photon beams}},
   booktitle = {Recent developments in accurate radiation dosimetry,
       Proc. of an Int'l Workshop},
   pages     = {69 -- 84},
   year      = {2002},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publishing, Madison WI},
   keywords  = {IRSp02},
   location  = {\pdf/Se02.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{Se99b,
   author    = {J. P. Seuntjens and L. {Van~der~Zwan} and C.-M. Ma},
   editor    = {C.-M. Ma and J. P. Seuntjens},
   title     = {{Type dependent correction factors for cylindrical chambers
       for in-phantom dosimetry in medium energy x-ray beams}},
   booktitle = {{ Kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry for radiotherapy and
       radiobiology: Proceedings of a workshop}},
   pages     = {159 -- 174},
   year      = {1999},
   publisher = {Medical Physics Publ., Madison, WI, USA},
   keywords  = {medium energy X-rays, TG61, IRSp99},
   location  = { }
}

@inproceedings{Si00,
   author    = {J. V. Siebers and P. J. Keall and J. O. Kim and R. Mohan},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Performance benchmarks of the MCV Monte Carlo system}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {129 -- 131},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {RTP EGS4p BEAM OMEGAp},
   location  = {BEAM binder, MC treatment planning binder}
}

@inproceedings{Sp00,
   author    = {E. Spezi and D. G. Lewis and K. Gray and C. W. Smith and P.
       Love},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo simulation of wax compensating filters for
       radiotherapy of the head and neck}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {461 -- 463},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}


@inproceedings{Ta01,
   author    = {A. Taibi and A. Tartari and M. Gambaccini},
   editor    = {A. Kling and F. Barao and M. Nakagawa and L. T\'{a}vora
       and P. Vaz},
   title     = {{ EGS4 Modelling of Coherent Scattering in the Biological Context}},
   booktitle = {{ Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle
       Transport Simulation and Applications: Proceedings of the
       Monte Carlo 2000 Meeting Lisbon}},
   pages     = {69 -- 75},
   year      = {2001},
   publisher = {Springer, Berlin},
   keywords  = {EGS4 molecular form factors},
   location  = {\pdf/Taibi_mol_ff_EGS4_MC2000.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{VD03,
   author    = {E. {van Dijk}},
   editor    = {},
   title     = {{ Comparison of two different methods to determine the air
                   kerma calibration factor, $N_k$ for $^{192}$Ir }},
   booktitle = {{ Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation
Dosimetry; Proc. Int'l Symp, Vienna 25 -- 28 Nov 2002}},
   pages     = {129 -- 136},
   year      = {2003},
   volume    = 2,
   publisher = {IAEA, Vienna},
   keywords  = {HDR},
   location  = {Ir-192 binder}
}

@inproceedings{Ve00a,
   author    = {F Verhaegen and R Symonds-Tayler and C. Mubata and M Bimead
       and A. Nahum and H. H. Liu},
   editor    = {W. Schlegel and T. Bortfeld},
   title     = {{ A Monte Carlo study of backscatter in the monitor ion
       chamber for clinical photon and electron beams}},
   booktitle = {{ The Use of Computers in Radiotherapy, XIIIth Int'l
       Conf., Heidelberg}},
   pages     = {466 -- 468},
   year      = {2000},
   publisher = {Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg},
   keywords  = {OMEGAp EGS4p},
   location  = {BEAM binder}
}

@inproceedings{Zh05a,
  title={{X-ray scatter correction for cone-beam CT using moving blocker array}},
  author={L. Zhu and N. Strobel and R. Fahrig},
  booktitle={Proceedings of SPIE},
  volume={5745},
  pages={251},
  year={2005},
  organization={SPIE}
}

@techreport{AAPM87,
   author    = {{AAPM TG--32}},
   title     = {{ Specification of Brachytherapy Source Strength}},
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   year      = {1987},
   number    = {21},
   type      = {AAPM Report},
   notes     = {Argues for air-kerma strength.},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{AAPM104,
   author    = {{AAPM TG--104}},
   title     = {{The Role of In-Room kV X-Ray Imaging for Patient Setup and Target
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   institution = {AAPM},
   year      = {2009},
   number    = {104},
   type      = {AAPM Report},
}

@techreport{AD58,
   author    = {J. H.  Aitken and W. R.  Dixon},
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@techreport{AM66,
   author    = {R. G.  {Alsmiller~Jr} and H. S.  Moran},
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@techreport{Al96a,
   author    = {P. R. Almond and P. J. Biggs and B. M. Coursey and W. F. Hanson
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   institution = {TG--51},
   year      = {1996},
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@techreport{BD90,
   author    = {J. E.  Burns and J. W. G.  Dale},
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   year      = {1990},
   address   = {Teddington, U.~K.},
   number    = {RSA-7},
   keywords  = {NPL calorimeter},
   location  = { }
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@techreport{BH87,
   author    = {M. J.  Berger and J. H.  Hubbell},
   title     = {{ XCOM: Photon Cross Sections on a Personal Computer}},
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   year      = {1987},
   address   = {Gaithersburg, MD20899},
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@techreport{BP77,
   author    = {J. E.  Burns and D. H.  Pritchard},
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   year      = {1977},
   address   = {Teddington, U.~K.},
   number    = {Rad. Sci. 40},
   keywords  = {NPL},
   notes     = {NE2561 chamber response vs air pressure for x-ray and 60-Co
       beams.  There are 0.2% effects which are not corrected by the
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   location  = {Dave's NPL binder}
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@techreport{BR95,
   author    = {A. Booth and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo study of effects of phantom size, radial
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   year      = {1995},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A OR6},
   number    = {PIRS--507},
   type      = {NRC Report},
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   pages     = {},
   location  = { }
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@techreport{BR96,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and A. Booth},
   title     = {{PROT: A General Purpose Utility for Calculating
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   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {1996},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A 0R6},
   number    = {PIRS--529},
   keywords  = {Pwall Prepl Pfl Pgr Pcel kQ TG--51},
   notes     = {Documents several programs useful for protocol work. Note
       that this document was not finalized until 2001 and was never included in
       an IRS publications list until then.  There was a period in 1996-1998 when
       the order of the authors was Booth and Rogers. See RB01 for final
       version.},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{BR98a,
   author    = {A. Booth and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{rpr50: Program to Determine R$_p$ and R$_{50}$ Using
       Depth-Dose Data}},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {1998},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A 0R6},
   number    = { },
   keywords  = {rpr50 Rp R50},
   notes     = {Documents a suite of programs for determing Rp, R50}
}

@techreport{Bj98,
   author    = {H. Bjerke and A. S. Mollah and K. R. Shortt},
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       SSDLs}},
   institution = {International Atomic Energy Agency},
   year      = {1998},
   address   = {Vienna, Austria},
   number    = {DMRP-9804},
   type      = {Report of a Consultant's Meeting (98CT 02345)},
   keywords  = {IRSr98}
}

@techreport{Bo86,
   author    = {J. B\"{o}hm},
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@techreport{Cr88,
   author    = {C. Cross},
   title     = {{  The construction of a graphite micro calorimeter
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   year      = {1988},
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   number    = {RS(EXT)96},
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@techreport{De93,
   author    = {F. Delaunay and B. Chauvenet and J. P. Simo\"{e}n},
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   institution = {Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonnements Ionisants},
   year      = {1993},
   address   = {Gif-sur-Yvette, France},
   number    = {LPRI/93/013},
   type      = {Note Technique},
   keywords  = {air kerma  primary standard  wall correction},
   location  = {Dave has copy}
}

@techreport{De98a,
   author    = {F. Delaunay and P. Gross and E. Leroy and A. Ostrowsky and
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   title     = {{Etalonnage des trois chambres d'ionisation NE 2571
       du NRCC a 12 et 20 MV pour la comparaison en dose
       absorb\'{e}e dans l'eau (fin 1998)}},
   institution = {Laboratoire Primaire des Rayonnements Ionisants},
   year      = {1998},
   address   = {Saclay, France},
   number    = {LPRI/98/18},
   type      = {Technical Note},
   keywords  = {IRSr98}
}

@techreport{Du91,
   author    = {A. R.  DuSautoy},
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   year      = {1991},
   address   = {Teddington, UK},
   number    = {RSA(EXT)25},
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   location  = { }
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@techreport{HM05,
   author    = {H. Shen and J. McCaffrey},
   title     = {{INMS Quality System}},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {2005},
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   type      = {Standard Operating procedure},
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   pages     = {1 -- 2},
   location  = {}
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@techreport{HS95,
   author    = {J. H.  Hubbell and S. M.  Seltzer},
   title     = {{ Tables of X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients and Mass
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       Z = 1 to 92 and 48 Additional Substances of Dosimetric Interest}},
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   year      = {1995},
   address   = {Gaithersburg, MD 20899},
   number    = {NISTIR  5632},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Hi92a,
   author    = {P. D. Higgins and  F. H.  Attix and  J. H. Hubbell and
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   year      = {1992},
   address   = {Gaithersburg, MD},
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@techreport{IA02,
   author    = {IAEA},
   title     = {{Calibrations of photon and beta ray sources used in
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   year      = {2002},
   address   = {Vienna, Austria},
   number    = {IAEA-TECDOC-1274},
   keywords  = {IAEA},
   location  = {\pdf/IAEA/IAEA_TECDOC_1274_brachy_dosimetry.pdf}
}

@techreport{IAEA02,
   author    = {},
   title     = {{Calibration of photon and beta ray sources used in
                brachytherapy}},
   institution = {IAEA},
   year      = {2002},
   address   = {Vienna, Austria},
   number    = {-1274},
   type      = {IAEA-TECDOC},
   keywords  = {Ir-192  etc},
   location  = {\pdf/IAEA/iaea_tecdoc_brachy_cal_2002.pdf, Dave beta file
               or Ir192 file }
}

@techreport{ICRP23,
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@techreport{ICRP89,
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@techreport{ICRP79,
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@techreport{ICRP95,
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@techreport{ICRU10b,
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@techreport{ICRU10d,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{National Bureau of Standards Handbook 87}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1963},
   number    = {10d},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = {Verify this is diffrent from 10b above }
}

@techreport{ICRU12,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Certification of Standardized Radioactive Sources}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1968},
   number    = {12},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU14,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{ Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and Gamma-Rays with Maximum
       Photon Energies Between 0.6 and 50 MeV}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1969},
   number    = {14},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {TG--51 protocol},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU16,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Linear Energy Transfer}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1970},
   number    = {16},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU18,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Specification of high-activity gamma-ray sources}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1971},
   number    = {18},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr71},
   notes     = {Describes detailed Monte Carlo and experimental
       determinations of source spectra. Harry Aitken of NRC was an author.},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU19,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Radiation quantities and units}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1971},
   number    = {19},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU21,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Radiation Dosimetry: Electrons with Initial  Energies
       Between 1 and 50 MeV}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1972},
   number    = {21},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {protocol},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU23,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement of absorbed dose in a
       phantom irradiated by a single beam of x-- or gamma rays}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1973},
   number    = {23},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU28,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Basic Aspects of High Energy Particle
       Interactions and Radiation Dosimetry}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1978},
   number    = {28},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU31,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1979},
   number    = {31},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {W/e},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU33,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Radiation Quantities and Units}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1980},
   number    = {33},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU34,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1984},
   number    = {34},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {TG--51 Pion saturation theory  ion recombination},
   location  = {TG--51 Pion binder}
}

@techreport{ICRU35,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Radiation Dosimetry: Electron beams with energies
       between 1 and 50 MeV}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1984},
   number    = {35},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {TG--51 fundamentals},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU37,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Stopping powers for electrons and positrons}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1984},
   number    = {37},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU44,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry and Measurements}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1989},
   number    = {44},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU46,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Photon, Electron, Photon and Neutron Interaction Data for
       Body Tissues}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1992},
   number    = {46},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ICRU50,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon BEam Therapy}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1993},
   number    = {50},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {PTV,GTV,CTV },
   location  = {Dave has copy}
}

@techreport{ICRU56,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of External Beta Rays for Radiation
Protection}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1997},
   number    = {56},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   location  = {Dave has a copy}
}

@techreport{ICRU60,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1998},
   number    = {60},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {fundamentals},
   location  = {Dave has a copy}
}

@techreport{ICRU62,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy
(Supplement to ICRU Report 50)}},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1999},
   number    = {62},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {IM},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{ICRU64,
   author    = {ICRU},
   title     = {{Dosimetry of high-energy photon beams based on standards of
       absorbed dose to water }},
   institution = {ICRU, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {2001},
   number    = {64},
   type      = {ICRU Report},
   keywords  = {See also Dave's book review and list of mistakes},
   location  = {Dave has a copy}
}

@techreport{ISO1a,
   author    = {ISO},
   title     = {{Reference Beta Particle Radiations - Part 1: Methods of
                production}},
   institution = {ISO},
   year      = {2001},
   address   = {Geneva, Switzerland},
   number    = {ISO 6980-1},
   type      = {International Standard},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ISO1b,
   author    = {ISO},
   title     = {{Nuclear energy - Reference beta-particle radiations - Part
               2: Calibrations fundamentals related to basic quantities
               characterizing the radiation field}},
   institution = {ISO},
   year      = {Draft, July 2004},
   address   = {Geneva, Switzerland},
   number    = {ISO/FDIS 6980-2.2},
   type      = {International Standard},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{ISO79,
   author    = {ISO},
   title     = {{X and $\gamma$ Reference Radiations for Calibrating
       Dosemeters and Dose Rate Meters and for Determining their
       Response as a Function of Photon Energy}},
   institution = {International Organisation for Standardization},
   year      = {1979},
   address   = {Geneva, Switzerland},
   number    = {ISO 4037},
   type      = {International Standard},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{KR00,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron
       and photon transport}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--701},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr00, EGS4r, EGSnrcr OMEGAr},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{KR03,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron
       and photon transport}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--701 (4th printing)},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr00, EGS4r, EGSnrcr},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{Ka00a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{The VMC$^{++}$ code system: Monte Carlo simulation of
       electron and photon transport for application in
       Radiation Treatment Planning}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--718},
   keywords  = {IRSr00, VMCr},
   location  = {Iwan's office}
}

@techreport{Ka03,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and E. Mainegra-Hing and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ EGSnrcMP: the multi-platform environment for EGSnrc}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--877},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr03, EGSnrcr}
}

@techreport{Ka05a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{egspp: the EGSnrc C++ class library}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2005},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--899},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr05, EGSnrcr}
}

@techreport{Ka05c,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{EGSnrc C++ class library}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2005},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--898},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr05, EGSnrcr}
}

@techreport{Ka09,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and E. Mainegra-Hing and F. Tessier and B. R. B. Walters},
   title     = {{EGSnrc C++ class library}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2009},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--898(rev A)},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr09, EGSnrcr}
}

@techreport{Ka09a,
   author    = {I. Kawrakow and E. Mainegra-Hing and D. W. O. Rogers and
                F. Tessier and B. R. B. Walters},
   title     = {{ The EGSnrc Code System: Monte Carlo simulation of electron
       and photon transport}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2009},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--701 (5th printing)},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr00, EGS4r, EGSnrcr},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{MCNPX02,
   author    = {},
   title     = {{Monte Carlo N-particle transport code system for
multiparticle and high energy applications}},
   institution = {LANL},
   year      = {2002},
   address   = {Los Alamos},
   number    = {CCC--715},
   type = {RSICC Computer Code Collection, Report},
   keywords  = {},
   notes     = {Document accompanying the MCNPX distro},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{Ma02a,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing},
   title     = {{ User Manual for inputRZ, a GUI for the NRC RZ user-codes}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2002},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--801},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr02, EGSnrcr, GUIr},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Ma03,
   author    = {E. Mainegra-Hing},
   title     = {{ User Manual for egs\_inprz, a GUI for the NRC RZ user-codes}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--801(RevA)},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr03, GUIr, EGSnrcr},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{NCIC03,
   author    = {{NCIC}},
   title     = {{Canadian Cancer Statistics 2003}},
   institution = {National Cancer Institute of Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Toronto, Canada},
   location  = {www.cancer.ca or www.ncic.cancer.ca
       \pdf/misc/CanadianCancerStatistics2003.pdf}
}

@techreport{Na94a,
   author    = {A. E.  Nahum},
   title     = {{Perturbation Effects in Dosimetry}},
   institution = {Joint Dept of Physics, The Royal Marsden Hospital},
   year      = {1994},
   address   = {Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK},
   number    = {ICR-PHYS-1/94},
   keywords  = {Pwall Prepl Pfl Pgr Pcel},
   notes     = {Extensive review of the literature of perturbation effects.},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Ne85,
   author    = {W. R.  Nelson and H.  Hirayama and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ The EGS4 Code System}},
   institution = {Stanford Linear Accelerator Center},
   year      = {1985},
   address   = {Stanford, California},
   number    = {SLAC--265},
   type      = {Report},
   keywords  = {Monte Carlo manual IRSr85 EGS4r},
   notes     = {Documentation and user's manual of the EGS4 system for doing Monte Carlo simulations of electron and photon transport in materials.},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Ol03,
   author    = {A. Olszanski and N. V. Klassen and C. K. Ross and K. R. Shortt},
   title     = {{The IRS Fricke dosimetry system}},
   institution = {NRC},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--815},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr03}
}

@techreport{Pr87,
   author    = {J. S. Pruitt},
   title     = {{Calibration  of beta-particle-emitting ophthalmic
                applicators}},
   institution = {NBS},
   year      = {1987},
   address   = {Gaithersburg, MD20899},
   number    = {},
   keywords  = {NBS},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{RB02,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and A. Booth},
   title     = {{PROT: A General Purpose Utility for Calculating
       Quantities related to Dosimetry Protocols}},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A 0R6},
   number    = {PIRS--529(rev, in preparation)},
   keywords  = {IRSr04 Pwall Prepl Pfl Pgr Pcel kQ TG--51},
   notes     = {Documents several programs useful for protocol work. See
       entry for BR96 also. This will not be formally `published' until
       Dave's review of the physics in TG--51 is accepted for publication.},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{RK01,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and Nina Kalach},
   title     = {{ NRC catalogue of photon spectra}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {in preparation, 2001},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS-- 756},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{RM03,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and J. McCaffrey},
   title     = {{The 2003 revision of the NRC standard for
       air-kerma in a $^{60}$Co beam}},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A OR6},
   number    = {PIRS--876},
   type      = {NRC Report},
   keywords  = {air kerma},
   pages     = {1 -- 11},
   location  = {\pdf/RM03.pdf}
}

@techreport{RT99,
   author    = {D. W. O.  Rogers and J. Treurniet},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo calculated wall and axial non-uniformity
       corrections for primary standards of air kerma}},
   institution = {NRC},
   year      = {1999},
   address   = {Ottawa},
   number    = {PIRS--663},
   type      = {NRC Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr99 NIHkQr},
   location  = {\pdf/RT99.pdf}
}

@techreport{Ri74,
   author    = {M. E. Riley},
   title     = {{ Relativistic Elastic Electron Scattering from Atoms
       at Energies Greater than 1 keV}},
   institution = {Sandia Laboratories},
   year      = {1974},
   number    = {SLA--74-0107},
   type      = {Report},
   keywords  = {Electron elastic scattering},
   notes     = {Riley's code for PWA elastic cross section calculations},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Ro00,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow and J. P. Seuntjens and B.
       R. B. Walters},
   title     = {{ NRC User Codes for EGSnrc}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--702},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr00, EGS4r, EGSnrcr},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{Ro00b,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{Spencer-Attix water to air mass collision
       stopping power ratios as a function of depth and beam quality, R$_{50}$}},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A OR6},
   number    = {PIRS--719},
   type      = {NRC Report},
   keywords  = {TG--51 IRSr00},
   pages     = {},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Ro03,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow and J. P. Seuntjens and B.
       R. B. Walters and E. Mainegra-Hing},
   title     = {{ NRC User Codes for EGSnrc}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--702(RevB)},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr03, EGS4r, EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {This rev includes EDKnrc and CAVSPHnrc for the first time
       and Ernesto is added as an author},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{Ro10,
   author    = {D. W. O. Rogers and I. Kawrakow and J. P. Seuntjens and B.
       R. B. Walters and E. Mainegra-Hing},
   title     = {{ NRC User Codes for EGSnrc}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2010},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--702(RevC)},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr03, EGS4r, EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {This rev is an update including all new options in EGSnrc},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{Ro96c,
   author    = {Ross, C. K. and Seuntjens, J. P. and Klassen, N. V.},
   title     = {{The {NRC} Sealed Water Calorimeter: Technical Details and Cost
       Estimates}},
   institution = {National Research Council},
   year      = {1996},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {{PIRS}-0551},
   type      = {NRC Report},
   abstract  = {Response to a proposal from OFMET that NRC build a water calorimeter
       for the Swiss national laboratory.},
   keywords  = {IRSr96}
}

@techreport{SD94,
   author    = {D. R. Shipley and S. Duane},
   title     = {{Determination of photon fluence spectra from the NPL
       Mobaltron $^{60}$Co Unit}},
   institution = {NPL},
   year      = {1994},
   address   = {Teddington, UK},
   number    = {RSA (EXT) 46},
   keywords  = {EGS4r Monte Carlo, TPR},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Sa03a,
   author    = {F. Salvat and J.M. Fern\'andez-Varea and J. Sempau},
   title     = {{PENELOPE, A Code System for Monte Carlo Simulation of
Electron and Photon Transport}},
   institution = {NEA-OECD },
   year      = {2003},
   address   = {Paris},
   number    = {},
   keywords  = {},
   notes     = {Updated PENELOPE reference},
   location  = {Ernesto's PENELOPE directory}
}

@techreport{Se97,
   author    = {**************cite Se99 not Se97!!},
   title     = {{\typeout{***Use Se99 instead of Se97*****} }},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {1997},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A OR6},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Se99,
   author    = {J. P. Seuntjens and C. K. Ross and N. V. Klassen and
       K.  R. Shortt},
   title     = {{A status report on the NRC sealed water calorimeter}},
   institution = {NRC Canada},
   year      = {1999},
   address   = {Ottawa, K1A OR6},
   number    = {PIRS--584},
   keywords  = {calorimetry IRSr99},
   location  = {\pdf/Se99.pdf}
}

@techreport{TG65,
   author     = { N. Papanikolaou and J. J. Battista and A. L. Boyer and C.
                  Kappas and E. Klein and T. R. Mackie and M. Sharpe
                  and J. van Dyk},
   title    = {{Tissue inhomogeneity corrections for megavoltage photon
               beams}},
   institution = {Medical Physics Pub for AAPM, New York},
   year      = {2004},
   number    = {85},
   type      = {AAPM Report},
   location  = {\pdf/TG65.pdf }
}

@techreport{Vo96,
   author    = {W.  Volken and H.  Neuenschwander and C.  Cris and R.
       Mini and P.  Schwab},
   title     = {{Installing and Running MMC (MMC Rel. 1.0)}},
   institution = {Dept. of Medical Radiation Physics, University of Bern},
   year      = {1996},
   number    = {96--001},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {Macro Monte Carlo  MMC},
   location  = {BEAM workshop 1996}
}

@techreport{Vo96a,
   author    = {W.  Volken and H.  Neuenschwander and C.  Cris and R.
       Mini and P.  Schwab},
   title     = {{Interfacing MMC to a Treatment Planning System (MMC Rel. 1.0)}},
   institution = {Dept. of Medical Radiation Physics, University of Bern},
   year      = {1996},
   number    = {96--002},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {Macro Monte Carlo  MMC},
   location  = {BEAM workshop 1996}
}

@techreport{Vo96b,
   author    = {W.  Volken and H.  Neuenschwander and C.  Cris and R.
       Mini and P.  Schwab},
   title     = {{MMC Reference Manual (MMC Rel. 1.0)}},
   institution = {Dept. of Medical Radiation Physics, University of Bern},
   year      = {1996},
   number    = {96--003},
   type      = {Technical Report},
   keywords  = {Macro Monte Carlo  MMC},
   location  = {BEAM workshop 1996}
}

@techreport{WR99,
   author    = {B. R. B.  Walters and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{ Monte Carlo estimates of \%dd(10)$_X$ for
       the NPL photon beams}},
   institution = {NRC},
   year      = {1999},
   address   = {Ottawa},
   number    = {PIRS--659},
   type      = {NRC Report},
   keywords  = {IRSr99 EGS4r},
   location  = { }
}

@techreport{Wa00,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and J. Treurniet and D. W. O. Rogers
       and I. Kawrakow},
   title     = {{ QA tests and comparisons of the EGSnrc system with EGS4}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2000},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--703},
   keywords  = {EGS4r, EGSnrcr},
   notes     = {Summary of a variety of tests showing the differences in
       results using EGSnrc vs EGS4},
   location  = {}
}

@techreport{Wa02,
   author    = {B. R. B. Walters and I. Kawrakow and D. W. O. Rogers},
   title     = {{ History by history statistical estimators
       in the BEAM code system}},
   institution = {National Research Council of Canada},
   year      = {2002},
   address   = {Ottawa, Canada},
   number    = {PIRS--0791},
   keywords  = {BEAM, DOSXYZ, BEAMnrc, DOSXYZnrc, statistics},
   notes     = {This is a PIRS vertsion of Wa02a for use with BEAMnrc
       distribution before Wa02a is in print},
   location  = {Blake's Office, BEAM binder, on-line}
}

@techreport{Wi98,
   author    = {A. J. Williams and M. R. McEwen and A. R. DuSautoy},
   title     = {{A calculation of the water to graphite perturbation
factors for the NACP type02 ionisation chamber using Monte Carlo techniques}},
   institution = {NPL},
   year      = {1998},
   address   = {Teddington, UK},
   number    = {CIRM 13},
   type      = {NPL Report},
   keywords  = {EGS4r Pwall},
   location  = {\pdf}
}

@article{TG105,
    author = {Indrin J. Chetty and Bruce Curran and Joanna E. Cygler and John J. DeMarco and Gary Ezzell and Bruce A. Faddegon and Iwan Kawrakow and Paul J. Keall and Helen Liu and C.-M. Charlie Ma and D. W. O. Rogers and Jan Seuntjens and Daryoush Sheikh-Bagheri and Jeffrey V. Siebers},
    title = {{Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    number = {12},
    pages = {4818-4853},
    keywords = {biological tissues; dosimetry; Monte Carlo methods; radiation therapy},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/4818/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2795842}
}

@article{Si07,
    author = {Jeffrey V. Siebers and Iwan Kawrakow and V. Ramakrishnan},
    title = {{Performance of a hybrid MC dose algorithm for IMRT optimization dose evaluation}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    number = {7},
    pages = {2853-2863},
    keywords = {dosimetry; radiation therapy; Monte Carlo methods; biological organs},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/2853/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2745236}
}

@article{WK07a,
    author = {B. R. B. Walters and I. Kawrakow},
    title = {{Technical note: Overprediction of dose with default PRESTA-I boundary crossing in DOSXYZnrc and BEAMnrc}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    number = {2},
    pages = {647-650},
    keywords = {dosimetry; phantoms; radiation therapy},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/647/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2402342}
}

@article{Kr07,
    author={R Kramer, H J Khoury, J W Vieira and I Kawrakow},
    title={{Skeletal dosimetry for external exposure to photons based on $\mu$CT images of spongiosa from different bone sites}},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={52},
    number={22},
    pages={6697-6716},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/52/6697},
    year={2007}
}

@article{Ga07a,
    author={Joseph K Gardner, Jeffrey V Siebers and Iwan Kawrakow},
    title={{Comparison of two methods to compute the absorbed dose to water for photon beams}},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={52},
    number={19},
    pages={N439-N447},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/52/N439},
    year={2007}
}

@article{Wu08,
    author={J\"org Wulff and Klemens Zink and Iwan Kawrakow},
    title={{Efficiency improvements for ion chamber calculations in high energy photon beams}},
    journal = \mp,
    year=2008,
    volume={35},
    pages={1328--1336}
}

@article{Ha08,
    author={Federico Hasenbalg and Michael Fix and Ernst Born and Roberto Mini and Iwan Kawrakow},
    title={{VMC++ versus BEAMnrc: a comparison of simulated linear accelerator heads for photon beams}},
    journal = \mp,
    year=2008,
    pages={in press}
}

@article{Mc08,
    author={Malcolm R McEwen and Iwan Kawrakow and Carl Ross},
    title={{The effective point of measurement of ionization chambers and the build-up anomaly in MV x-ray beams}},
    journal = \mp,
    year=2008,
    volume=35,
    pages={950--958}
}

@article{AR08,
    author={ES Ali and D.W.O. Rogers},
    title={{Benchmarking EGSnrc in the kilovoltage energy range against experimental measurements of charged particle backscatter coefficients}},
    journal=\pmb,
    year=2008,
    volume=53,
    pages={1527--43}
}

@article{AR12,
   author    = {E. S. M. Ali and D. W. O.  Rogers},
   title     = {{Implementation of photonuclear attenuation in EGSnrc}},
   journal   = {Carleton University Technical Report CLRP 12-01},
   year      = {2012},
   url = {http://www.physics.carleton.ca/clrp/photonuclear},
   keywords  = {EGSnrc BEAMnrc photonuclear},
   notes     = {Describes implementation of photonuclear effect  },
   location  = { }
}

@article{MK08,
    author={Ernesto Mainegra-Hing and Iwan Kawrakow},
    title={{Novel approach for the Monte Carlo calculation of free-air chamber correction factors}},
    journal = \mp,
    year=2008,
    volume=35,
    pages={3650-–3660}
}

@article{MK08a,
    author={Ernesto Mainegra-Hing and Iwan Kawrakow},
    title={{Fast Monte Carlo calculation of scatter corrections for CBCT images}},
    journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference series},
    year=2008,
    volume={102},
    pages={012017 (6pp)}
}

@article{Ka08,
    author={I Kawrakow and K Mitev and G Gerganov and Y Madzhunkov and A Kirov},
    title={Efficient photon transport in positron emission tomography simulations using VMC++},
    journal = {Journal of Physics: Conference series},
    year=2008,
    volume={102},
    pages={012014 (6pp)}
}

@article{Di08,
    author = {George X. Ding and Dennis M. Duggan and Charles W. Coffey},
    title = {{Accurate patient dosimetry of kilovoltage cone-beam CT in radiation therapy}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2008},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {35},
    pages = {1135-1144},
    keywords = {bone; brain; calibration; cancer; computerised tomography; diagnostic radiography; dosimetry; eye; lung; Monte Carlo methods; neurophysiology; photoelectricity; radiation therapy},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/35/1135/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2839096}
}

@article{Sc06,
    author = {C. Ross Schmidtlein and Assen S. Kirov and Sadek A. Nehmeh and Yusuf E. Erdi and John L. Humm and Howard I. Amols and Luc M. Bidaut and Alex Ganin and Charles W. Stearns and David L. McDaniel and Klaus A. Hamacher},
    title = {{Validation of GATE Monte Carlo simulations of the GE Advance/Discovery LS PET scanners}},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2006},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {33},
    pages = {198-208},
    keywords = {single photon emission computed tomography; Monte Carlo methods; phantoms; biomedical equipment},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/33/198/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2089447}
}

@article{We07,
    author = { N. Wen and H. Guan and R. Hammoud and D. Pradhan and T. Nurushev and S. Li and B. Movsas},
    title  = {{Dose delivered from Varian's CBCT to patients receiving IMRT for prostate cancer}},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \pmb,
    volume = {52},
    pages = {2267--2276},
    notes = {dose in CBCT imaging}
}

@article{Ga07b,
    author = {O. Gayou and D. S. Parda and M. Johnson and M. Miften},
    title  = {{Patient dose and image quality from mega-voltage cone beam computed tomography imaging}},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {499--506},
    notes = {dose in CBCT imaging}
}

@article{Is06,
    author = {M. K. Islam and T. G. Purdie and B. D. Norrlinger and H. Alasti and D. J. Moseley and M. B. Sharpe and J. H. Siewerdsen and D. A. Jaffray},
    title = {{Patient dose from kilovoltage cone beam computed tomography imaging in radiation therapy}},
    year = {2006},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {33},
    pages = {1573--1582},
    notes = {dose in CBCT imaging}
}

@techreport{ICRP91,
   author    = {ICRP},
   title     = {{1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection}},
   institution = {ICRP, Washington D.C.},
   year      = {1991},
   number    = {60},
   type      = {ICRP Report},
   publisher = {Pergamon Press, Oxford UK},
   keywords  = {},
}

@article{Kr06a,
    author={R. Kramer and H. J. Khoury and J. W. Vieira and V. J. M. Lima},
    title={{MAX06 and FAX06: update of two adult human phantoms for radiation protection dosimetry}},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={51},
    number={14},
    pages={3331-3346},
    year={2006}
}

@techreport{NEMA2001,
    title={NEMA standards publication NU 2-2001: Performance measurements of
        positron emission tomographs},
    institution={Technical report (National Electrical Manufactures Association, Washington, DC)},
    year={2001}
}

@techreport{STIR,
    author = {K. Thielemans and D. Sauge and C. Labbe and C. Morel and
    M. Jacobson and A. Zverovich},
    title = {STIR Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction:
             User's Guide, Version 1.4},
    institution = {Hammersmith Imanet},
    year = {2006}
}

@article{JP04,
    author={H. Jiang and H. Paganetti},
    title={Adaptation of GEANT4 to Monte Carlo dose calculations based on CT data},
    journal=\mp,
    volume={31},
    year={2004},
    pages={2811–-2818},
    keywords={ProtonMC},
    notes={desdcribes extensive modifications to G4 for use in proton TP.
           After changes (factor of 50 gain), still 30 h on 38 CPU 2.2 GHz Athlon cluster}
}

@article{Pa04b,
    author={H. Paganetti},
    title={Four-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of time-dependent geometries},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={49},
    year={2004},
    pages={N75-N81},
    keywords={ProtonMC},
    notes={presumably Harald's first paper on 4D proton MC (treatment head and patient both change)}
}

@article{Ji07,
    author = {Hongyu Jiang and Joao Seco and Harald Paganetti},
    title = {Effects of Hounsfield number conversion on CT based proton Monte Carlo dose calculations},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {1439--1449},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, computerised tomography; dosimetry; radiation therapy; Monte Carlo methods; tumours; cancer},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/1439/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2715481}
}

@article{Se07,
    author = {J. Seco and G. C. Sharp and J. Turcotte and D. Gierga and T. Bortfeld and H. Paganetti},
    title = {Effects of organ motion on IMRT treatments with segments of few monitor units},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {923--934},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; biological organs; pneumodynamics; dosimetry; ionisation chambers; tumours; cancer},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/923/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2436972}
}

@article{Pa07,
    author = {Katia Parodi and Harald Paganetti and Ethan Cascio and Jacob B. Flanz and Ali A. Bonab and Nathaniel M. Alpert and Kevin Lohmann and Thomas Bortfeld},
    title = {PET/CT imaging for treatment verification after proton therapy: A study with plastic phantoms and metallic implants},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {419--435},
    keywords = {ProntonMC, positron emission tomography; computerised tomography; radiation therapy; image scanners; phantoms; prosthetics; Monte Carlo methods; titanium; lung; bone},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/419/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2401042}
}

@article{Pa04d,
    author = {H. Paganetti and H. Jiang and S.-Y. Lee and H. M. Kooy},
    title = {Accurate Monte Carlo simulations for nozzle design, commissioning and quality assurance for a proton radiation therapy facility},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2004},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {31},
    pages = {2107--2118},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, Monte Carlo methods; nozzles; quality assurance; dosimetry; radiation therapy; proton beams; neutron beams},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/2107/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.1762792}
}

@article{Pa03b,
    author = {H. Paganetti and B. Gottschalk},
    title = {Test of GEANT3 and GEANT4 nuclear models for 160 MeV protons stopping in CH$_2$},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2003},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {30},
    pages = {1926--1931},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, organic compounds; radiation therapy; Monte Carlo methods; energy loss of particles; proton beams},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/30/1926/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.1586454}
}

@article{Pa00d,
    author = {Harald Paganetti and Michael Goitein},
    title = {Radiobiological significance of beamline dependent proton energy distributions in a spread-out Bragg peak},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2000},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {27},
    pages = {1119--1126},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, proton effects; biological effects of ionising particles; digital simulation; Monte Carlo methods; radiation therapy; dosimetry; cellular effects of radiation},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/27/1119/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.598977}
}

@article{Go99,
    author = {Bernard Gottschalk and Rachel Platais and Harald Paganetti},
    title = {Nuclear interactions of 160 MeV protons stopping in copper: A test of Monte Carlo nuclear models},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {1999},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {26},
    pages = {2597--2601},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, proton-nucleus reactions; nuclear models; Monte Carlo methods; energy loss of particles; dosimetry; radiation therapy; nuclei with mass number 59 to 89},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/26/2597/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.598799}
}

@article{Pa98a,
    author = {Harald Paganetti},
    title = {Monte Carlo method to study the proton fluence for treatment planning},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {1998},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {25},
    pages = {2370--2375},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; Monte Carlo methods; eye; proton effects; dosimetry},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/25/2370/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.598447}
}

@article{Kn08,
    author={A Knopf and K Parodi and H Paganetti and E Cascio and A Bonab and T Bortfeld},
    title={Quantitative assessment of the physical potential of proton beam range verification with PET/CT},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={53},
    pages={4137--4151},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/53/4137},
    year={2008},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{Xu08,
    author={X George Xu and Bryan Bednarz and Harald Paganetti},
    title={A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={53},
    pages={R193--R241},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/53/R193},
    year={2008},
    keywords={SecCancer}
}

@article{Za08,
    author={Christina Zacharatou Jarlskog and Choonik Lee and Wesley E Bolch and X George Xu and Harald Paganetti},
    title={Assessment of organ-specific neutron equivalent doses in proton therapy using computational whole-body age-dependent voxel phantoms},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={53},
    pages={693--717},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/53/693},
    year={2008},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{He07,
    author={E Heath and J Seco and Z Wu and G C Sharp and H Paganetti and J Seuntjens},
    title={A comparison of dose warping methods for 4D Monte Carlo dose calculations in lung},
    journal={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
    volume={102},
    pages={012013 (7pp)},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/102/012013},
    year={2008}
}

@article{Pa07a,
    author={K Parodi and A Ferrari and F Sommerer and H Paganetti},
    title={Clinical CT-based calculations of dose and positron emitter distributions in proton therapy using the FLUKA Monte Carlo code},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={52},
    number={12},
    pages={3369-3387},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/52/3369},
    year={2007}
}

@article{Se07a,
    author={J Seco and H Jiang and D Herrup and H Kooy and H Paganetti},
    title={A Monte Carlo tool for combined photon and proton treatment planning verification},
    journal={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
    volume={74},
    pages={021014 (6pp)},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/74/021014},
    year={2007},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{Pa07b,
    author={K Parodi and A Ferrari and F Sommerer and H Paganetti},
    title={A MC tool for CT-based calculations of dose delivery and activation in proton therapy},
    journal={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
    volume={74},
    pages={021013 (6pp)},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/74/021013},
    year={2007},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{Pa06,
    author={Harald Paganetti},
    title={Monte Carlo calculations for absolute dosimetry to determine machine outputs for proton therapy fields},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={51},
    number={11},
    pages={2801--2812},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/51/2801},
    year={2006},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{Ko05a,
    author={Hanne M Kooy and Stanley J Rosenthal and Martijn Engelsman and Alejandro Mazal and Roelf L Slopsema and Harald Paganetti and Jacob B Flanz},
    title={The prediction of output factors for spread-out proton Bragg peak fields in clinical practice},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={50},
    number={24},
    pages={5847--5856},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/5847},
    year={2005}
}

@article{Ji05,
    author={Hongyu Jiang and Brian Wang and X George Xu and Herman D Suit and Harald Paganetti},
    title={Simulation of organ-specific patient effective dose due to secondary neutrons in proton radiation treatment},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={50},
    number={18},
    pages={4337--4353},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/4337},
    year={2005}
}

@article{Pa05b,
    author={H Paganetti and H Jiang and A Trofimov},
    title={4D Monte Carlo simulation of proton beam scanning: modelling of variations in time and space to study the interplay between scanning pattern and time-dependent patient geometry},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={50},
    pages={983--990},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/50/983},
    year={2005},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{Pa02e,
    author={H Paganetti},
    title={Nuclear interactions in proton therapy: dose and relative biological effect distributions originating from primary and secondary particles},
    journal=\pmb,
    volume={47},
    pages={747--764},
    url={http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/47/747},
    year={2002},
    keywords={ProtonMC}
}

@article{Mo08,
    author = {M. F. Moyers and E. R. Benton and A. Ghebremedhin and G. Coutrakon},
    title = {Leakage and scatter radiation from a double scattering based proton beamline},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2008},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {35},
    number = {1},
    pages = {128--144},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, cancer; computerised tomography; dosimetry; Monte Carlo methods; phantoms; radiation therapy},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/35/128/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2805086},
    notes = {Computed with MCNPX and measured}
}

@article{Kr07a,
    author = {Stephen F. Kry and Uwe Titt and David Followill and Falk P\"{o}nisch and Oleg N. Vassiliev and R. Allen White and Marilyn Stovall and Mohammad Salehpour},
    title = {A Monte Carlo model for out-of-field dose calculation from high-energy photon therapy},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {3489--3499},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; dosimetry; thermoluminescent dosimeters; phantoms; cancer; tumours; biological effects of ionising particles; biological effects of neutrons; Monte Carlo methods},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/3489/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2756940},
    notes = {MCNPX}
}

@article{Mo07,
    author = {M. F. Moyers and G. B. Coutrakon and A. Ghebremedhin and K. Shahnazi and P. Koss and E. Sanders},
    title = {Calibration of a proton beam energy monitor},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {1952--1966},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation monitoring; dosimetry; phantoms; radiation therapy; proton beams; Monte Carlo methods; calibration; ionisation chambers},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/1952/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2717382},
    notes = {MCNPX}
}

@article{He07a,
    author = {J. H\'{e}rault and N. Iborra and B. Serrano and P. Chauvel},
    title = {Spread-out Bragg peak and monitor units calculation with the Monte Carlo Code MCNPX},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {680--688},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; dosimetry; Monte Carlo methods; proton beams},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/680/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2431473},
    notes = {MCNPX}
}

@article{Fo07,
    author = {Jonas D. Fontenot and Wayne D. Newhauser and Charles Bloch and R. Allen White and Uwe Titt and George Starkschall},
    title = {Determination of output factors for small proton therapy fields},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2007},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {34},
    pages = {489--498},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; dosimetry; phantoms; Monte Carlo methods},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/34/489/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.2428406},
    notes = {MCNPX}
}

@article{He05,
    author = {J. H\'{e}rault and N. Iborra and B. Serrano and P. Chauvel},
    title = {Monte Carlo simulation of a protontherapy platform devoted to ocular melanoma},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {32},
    pages = {910--919},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; dosimetry; eye; cancer; tumours; Monte Carlo methods; proton effects; radiation protection},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/910/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.1871392},
    notes = {MCNPX}
}

@article{Wr05,
    author = {Andrew J. Wroe and Iwan M. Cornelius and Anatoly B. Rosenfeld},
    title = {The role of nonelastic reactions in absorbed dose distributions from therapeutic proton beams in different medium},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2005},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {32},
    pages = {37--41},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, radiation therapy; cancer; tumours; nuclear reactions and scattering; Monte Carlo methods; biological effects of ionising particles; ray tracing; proton effects; muscle; bone},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/32/37/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.1824194},
    notes = {G4}
}

@article{Fi04b,
    author = {Matthias Fippel and Martin Soukup},
    title = {A Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm for proton therapy},
    publisher = {AAPM},
    year = {2004},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {31},
    pages = {2263--2273},
    keywords = {ProtonMC, Monte Carlo methods; planning; proton effects; biological effects of ionising radiation; radiation therapy; biological tissues; dosimetry; medical computing; modelling},
    url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?MPH/31/2263/1},
    doi = {10.1118/1.1769631}
}

@article{Fo06,
    author = {E. Fourkal and W. Luo and J. Fan and C.M. Ma },
    title = {Energy and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Using Protons. To Optimize Or Not to Optimize?},
    year = {2006},
    journal = \mp,
    volume = {33},
    pages = {2097 (abstract)},
    keywords = {ProtonMC},
    notes = {only reference that I could find on Charlie's track repeating}
}

@article{TP71,
  author = {Tseng, H. K. and Pratt, R. H.},
  title = {Exact screened calculations of atomic-field bremsstrahlung},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. A},
  volume = {3},
  issue = {1},
  pages = {100--115},
  year = {1971},
  month = {Jan},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.3.100},
  url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.3.100},
  publisher = {American Physical Society}
}
